Search results

The application of TWBs in the automobile industry brings several advantages, such as the reduction of car body weight and manufacturing costs, as well as the integration of several drawing parts into one part.
A possibility for the lowering of fuel consumption lies in the weight reduction of all vehicle components.
The cam measures the changes in deformation in longitudinal εx and transversal εy direction of the measuring grid and provides the data for the calculation, Fig. 4a).
Fig. 4b) c) represent the output data in longitudinal (main deformation εx) direction.
The Nakajima test showed that the reduction effect is mainly due to the presence of different material combinations (steel-aluminum) and geometric discontinuity rather than the weld itself.

A sensitivity analysis was also performed with reduced temperatures to 630 °C or reduction of PWHT area width.
The metal temperature data is limited only at temperature 475 °C.
Due to lack data of material properties at temperature > 475°C, the allowable stress and elastic modulus at PWHT temperature is generated using extrapolation method. 3.
If a bifurcation buckling analysis is performed using an elastic stress analysis without geometric nonlinearities in the solution to determine the pre-stress in the component, a minimum design factor of Minimum design factor should be equal to Capacity reduction factor shall be used.
Reduced temperatures to 630 °C or reduction of PWHT area width did not significantly reduce stress and strains in the vessel. 7.

The substitution of 10% cement by fly ashes has not promoted the reduction of the compressive strength of concrete.
Results and Discussion Compressive strength data.
The overall analyses of the formulations revealed a tendency for the reduction of the compressive strength with the increasing substitution of cement by fly ashes.
The substitution of 10% cement by fly ashes (F2, F3, F4, F5) has not promoted the reduction of the compressive strength of the concrete.

Meticulous experimental practice, accurate strain measurement and appropriate data reduction techniques must be used to avoid large errors and uncertainty in the measurements.
Fig.2 also presents the same data analysed using 'conventional' depth increments of 127 µm.
Fig. 3 presents the data in the σ3 machining direction, which was highest.
Conventional depth increments have the effect of averaging the data at these levels.
Accurate hole dimensions (both depth and shape) become critical when relieving small levels of strain over shallow depths; the appropriate data reduction technique must also be applied and its limitations appreciated [8].

Chromophore group is damaged firstly and the solution has been decolorized efficiently, the degradation of benzene ring and naphthalene ring is more difficult than that of the azo bond, and the reduction or disappearance of absorption peaks indicates that the aromatic ring of KN-B was degraded partly.
All the experiments were repeated twice, experimental error was below 5% and the average data were reported.
(4) Chromophore group was damaged, the degradation of benzene ring and naphthalene ring is more difficult than that of the azo bond, and the reduction or disappearance of absorption peaks indicated that the aromatic ring of KN-B was degraded partly.

Graphene was obtained by using an electrochemical method involving oxidation and reduction reactions in a sodium lauryl sulfate solution.
The electrochemical synthesis consisted of exfoliating graphene sheets from a high purity graphite rod by means of an oxidation reaction at +2V for 12 h in a sodium dodecyl sulfate solution (SDS) followed by a reduction process of -1V during 2 h.
Sample Thickness [µm] Rsol-gel – initial [W-cm2] rsol-gel - initial [MW-cm] Porosity [%] X 10-5 Blank sample 2.4 3406 14.19 35.23 DGSG 1.9 5406 28.45 17.57 GESG 2.1 8600 40.95 12.21 In accordance with the results obtained from the fitting data at the initial stage it is seen that the graphene film improves the dielectric properties of the sol-gel coatings with a low degree of porosity.

From the logged extension and resistance data, the change in resistance across the electrode with respect to an increase in strain was determined.
These micro-cracks would most likely cause a reduction in the electrodes’ stiffness, as compared to an un-cracked silver film, thereby allowing larger actuated strains.
Apart from the micro-cracks being beneficial to DEA performance due to a reduction in the electrode’s planar stiffness, the micro-cracked electrodes appear to be stable.

Green Vision is the application of vision technologies for industrial and non-industrial processes to minimize mass, energy and information consumption, to minimize scrap and refinish, to support and protect life and environment, to design and implement portable (mobile, point-of-care) products and services, to transfer data and information via cloud computing and internet and to support self-learning for sustainable technological and social progress – convenient and reliable and affordable.
Therefore medical decisions mostly based on expert opinions formed by trained professionals with data from conventional devices.
Fundamental influences on the further demands towards smartphone green vision are the web 3.0 situations (Fig. 3-1) and the revolutionary mass reduction (Fig. 3-2).
Fig. 3-1 The Internet of To-Morrow www.future-internet-konferenz.de/ and MSchenk@vz.net 06.07.2011 Fig. 3-2 Product Success and Market Success www.stz-jena.de 09.07.2011 “It won´t be long before automated systems are generating more data than all their users combined.
A strong push in future developments of products and services will be accomplished by the reduction of mass for products and services and by the launch of innovative smarter and greener products and services into old markets (Fig 3-2).

An Oxford Instruments - Nordlys F+ EBSD detector with CHANNEL5 software, attached to a FEGSEM was used for EBSD data acquisition and post-processing.
The grain size and local mis-orientation profiles determined from EBSD data are shown in Figures 4 a and b respectively.
It is clear from these data that recrystallisation during heat treatment initiates in regions with the highest local mis-orientations and works its way into the regions with decreasing deformation replacing the entire microstructure in the folded region.
Deformation results in a slight reduction in the original grain size at the compression and tensile regions.
Since only recovery was observed in these samples local mis-orientation increased up to 40 minutes followed by a small reduction after 90 minutes annealing.

This increases the possibilities in terms of large reductions and change in shape with less complex tooling and also reduces the required load capacity and cost of the forming machine.
For friction reduction and surface quality improvement the lubricant oil of type AVIA GLEITBAHNÖL RSU 220 has been applied.
Control factors and levels Parameter Sign Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Spindle speed (min-1) Workpiece geometry (-) n pm 300 (1) radius R10 600 (2) conical area 900 (3) cylindrical area Rolling direction of the sheet (deg) rd 0 45 90 Analysis of data Using Minitab 16 software, ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) was performed to determine which controlled process parameters and two-way interactions significantly affect the performance characteristics.
The LB (Lower-is-better) type S/N ratio (Signal-to-Noise ratio) was used for transforming the raw data (1) where n is number of measurements in a trial and yi is the ith measured value.
Analysis of variance (S/N data) Source Sum of squares DoF Mean square p-value F- ratio n 0.61443 2 0.30722 0.031 5.51* pm 0.45797 2 0.22898 0.059 4.11 rd 0.05901 2 0.02950 0.608 0.53 n*pm 0.21981 4 0.05495 0.467 0.99 pm*rd 0.20109 4 0.05027 0.506 0.9 n*rd 0.20531 4 0.05133 0.497 0.92 Other/Error 0.44588 8 0.05574 Total 0.638852 26 2,20349 Tabulated F-ratio at 95% confidence level: F (0.05; 2.8) = 4.46; F (0.05; 4.8) = 3.84 * significant parameter or significant two-way interaction Conclusions On the basis of the S/N ratio graphs and ANOVA, it can be declared that spindle speed is factor which relatively intensively influences the surface roughness of spun part, produces by conventional metal spinning technology, where higher values od spindle speed results in the higher values of roughness parameters.