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First of all, a small decrease of area fraction of intermetallic iron compounds with reduction of wall thickness is observed.
The formation of β- iron compounds is more affected by the reduction in wall thickness than the a-iron compounds; in the step with the lowest wall thickness of 1 mm the nucleation is almost completely suppressed.
The data of specimens which exhibited casting defects on the fracture surface, such as cold flakes and cold shuts, were not included in the graph.
However, the primary alloy presents in the F and T6 temper a slightly higher yield strength than specified in the primary alloy data sheet and much higher than the secondary alloy, while elongation is lower.
[11] Trimal®-05 data sheet, TRIMET Aluminium AG, Germany, www.trimet.de, 2008.

This was used for a priori simulations to compare with experiment, and also for analysis of experimental data, as expressions for SIF in homogeneous materials are inappropriate for use with graded materials.
Fig. 2: Results for homogeneous composites: (a) Variation of Young's modulus and crack initiation toughness with composition, with EMA predictions for Young's modulus and an exponential fit to toughness data.
For analysis of experimental data, the measured crack path coordinates and load values were used, along with assumed spatial property variation, to calculate stress intensity factors and fracture toughness.
In this case, the crack traversed a large portion of the gradient so a series of sudden reductions in toughness were observed, corresponding to the crack moving from one step to the next.
The R-curve effects diminished with increasing epoxy content, so that the reductions in resistance at interfaces led to an overall reduction in the total fatigue resistance.

On application of CKD, additional reductions in plasticity were observed.
Figure 2 Plasticity Index of contaminated and treated specimens as a function of chemical concentration Compaction characteristics: The compaction characteristics data of the contaminated test specimens and treated test specimens are reported in Figures 3 and 4.
The dry unit weight of soil specimens was slightly lowered on contamination notwithstanding the reductions in plasticity of the soil, which is expected to bring about higher dry unit weight as well as strength properties.
The influence of the degree of contamination on hydraulic conductivity of lateritic soil is illustrated by the data shown in Figure 5.
Figure 6 reports the UCS data for test specimens contaminated separately with the three solvents at 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10% concentration.

Fluorite is often mixed together with the two materials in a range of 2-3% to catalyze the MgO reduction.
It has been reported that for 1 ton of Mg metal produced from the MgO reduction 6-8 tons of the Mg slag were generated [3, 4].
Fig. 3 plots the related data and indicates a direct relation between the two, while the distribution of Fe3+ ions is less than 50%.
Our present and early studies [5-7] demonstrate that most of the fluorite could stay in the Mg slag after catalyzing the MgO reduction inside retorts.
Conditions of MgO reduction should thus be improved to minimize amounts of fluorite used as the reducing catalyzer.

GNPs Colloid is prepared according to the Frens method from the reduction of HAuCl4 by sodium citrate [20].
And the lifetime data are listed on the rightmost column of Table 2.
Experimental data in Table 2 shows that lifetime of the membrane grows with the increasing lecithin concentration.
Particularly, the lifetime of the lipid membrane with a cyclohexane concentration of 100% significantly deviates from the other data, indicating the poor stability of the formed lipid membrane.
Because of which, the reduction of [Fe(CN)6]3- is much easier than the oxidation of [Fe(CN)6]4-.

Because of the higher reactive temperatures, the faster rates of VSS degradation can be gotten in a short time, which reach a lower level of effluent TSS concentration and a good effect of reduction.
The mixing operation for reduction of the strains was very an important factor related to stirring the fermented liquid matrix, DO, and the thermophilic bacteria.
The experiment results in Figure 3 show that the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in the ATAD system was not a proper state of DO in early batch tests under anaerobic condition.
According to the data in Table 2, the regression curve could be drawn through Figure 4 for influent TSS concentration of 17.28 g / L.
(7) The comparison of calculated data by equation (7) with the values of experimental data are shown in Table 2.

O phase disappeared in compression samples (conducted from 930~1030oC, ~50% total reduction) after deformation which is considered to cause elongation decrease.
The dimension of testing samples was Φ8×10mm, strain rates at 0.1s-1, 1s-1, 10s-1, temperatures at 930oC, 980oC, 1030oC, and the final height reduction was 50%.
A section picture of the ring was chosen to study the deformation behavior during rolling process as shown in Fig. 2, and several points in this section were chosen to get specific data.
Because of the plasticity reduction during deformation process, it will possibly bring processing failure.
Results showed that O phase of HIP’ed Ti2AlNb alloy would disappear as the deformation increase, which results in an elongation reduction in alloy.

With the help of the experimental data, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the pressure of the stiff layer of air under different wheel speed.
With the help of experimental data, a mathematical model has been developed to predict the pressure of the stiff layer of air.
With the reduction of wheel speed, air pressure is also reduced, and it has been shown in Fig. 4 very distinctly.
It has been found that the model shows close matching with the experimental data.
Reduction in the wheel speed reduces the values of air pressure considerably as shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.

Here, the data is input to determine the processing factors which had the most significant effect on the ACL (average crack length) for both types of process.
The laser welding data showed significant scatter, and as a result the Design Expert V7 historical data function is used to help understand the factors.
insignificant; as with the CMT data.
The inverse square root which is applied to the welding speed data acts to condense the cracked data, particularly where significant cracking has occurred.
As mentioned previously the transform compresses the data where cracking has occurred.

Procedure and Experimental Data.
The binary energy parameters aij for the miscible mixtures were obtained from vapor-liquid equilibrium data reduction using the following thermodynamic equations:
Parameters b – binary liquid-liquid equilibrium data from this work.
Data Vol.40 (1995). p. 578 [5] K.
Data.