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Electroluminescence and thermography are used to localize defect in macroscopic scale.
Solar cell characterization i.e. current-voltage curves were obtained by Keithley 4200SCS and Cascade M150 probe station, electroluminescence pictures were obtained by thermoelectrically cooled scientific camera G2-3200, thermography pictures were obtained by με TIM 120 using software assisted lock-in mode.
To this aim we choose the electroluminescence and lock-in thermography for the first step analysis.
The lock-in thermography (see fig. 1a) pointed out several abnormal local regions which are individually isolated by module monolithic interconnection.
Defective area was localized using electroluminescence and thermography.

Construction of the Test Apparatus 2.1 Infrared Thermography Camera An infrared thermography camera detects the infrared waves emitted from an external light source and reflected by the object to be measured.
The infrared thermography camera used in this test was Thermovision 900 SW/TE by AGEMA.
The cooling method for the infrared thermography camera scanner was TE (Thermal Electric).
Fig. 5 shows the images of the temperature changes by rpm and the material that was captured by the infrared thermography camera.
Conclusions This study measured the thermal changes and vibrations according to the belt-driving small lathe using an infrared thermography camera and a vibration meter.

In order to cope with these problems, we have developed a measuring system that is established by combining three-dimensional measurement technique with thermography.
This paper proposes an allocation method to convert from moving coordinates to thermography coordinates.
The relationship between the moving coordinate system and the thermography coordinate system is formulated in conversion matrices.
Calibration of CCD camera and thermography.
To measure the shape of an object with the temperature distribution, calibration of CCD camera and thermography must be carried out in advance as mentioned before.

These ballistic tests were followed by ultrasonic 'A' scans, hammer tap and thermography techniques to determine the extent of delamination damage.
NDI methods such as the hammer tap test, ultrasonic A scan and Thermography have been used to assess damage.
In particular, pulsed phase thermography (PPT) [12], has been used in order to enhance the heat disturbance.
In general the hammer tap test outline contains the thermography result.
Difficulties using IMAGEJ with thermography images indicates that thermography is a qualitative tool only.

The method of active thermography is an innovative NDT technology that was developed over the recent years to investigate microstructure condition of machinery components, including components of gas turbines.
The paper outlines initial results of investigations, carried out with use of the active thermography, how the temperature affects onto thermophysical properties demonstrated by superalloys used for construction of gas turbines.
The assessment essence of turbine blade microstructure by means of a thermographic method The recent years witnessed extensive development of investigations how to apply active thermography in the IR bandwidth to detect defects in the surface-adjacent layers of materials.
[4] Oliferuk W.: Infrared thermography for non-destructive testing of materials and equipment.
V., Becker E., Sperling A.: Thermography inspection system for gas turbine blades. 7th European Conference on non-destructive testing, Copenhagen 1998, pp. 2658 - 2665

Image processing is part of thermography technique that extracted information from image itself.
Standard deviation is termed as follows: Std=1nk-1i=1k)(xi-ẍ)2*fi12 (5) Experimental Procedure The set-up of thermography image capturing is shows in Figure 1 and original thermography image in Figure 2.
The set of thermography image data is obtained in the laboratory.
Firstly, the original image is converted to grayscale and segment the region of interesting (ROI) of surge arrester thermography image using thermography studio software which dedicated software from thermography camera.
Table 1 Temperature in Celsius scale at each pixel of thermography image Fig.3 and 4 show the grayscale and segmented ROI of arrester thermography image respectively.

Benitez2,b 1, 2Universidad EAFIT, Medellin, Colombia agparamo@eafit.edu.co, babenite2@eafit.edu.co Keywords: Friction stir welding; FSW; RPM; Thermography; Heat dissipation.
And analyze his Infrared thermography (IRT).  
The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature [8].
Thermography can capture infrared radiation using thermal imagers.
[8] Using Thermography to Find a Class of Latent Construction Defects.

A real-time temperature measurement system was designed for end-face sliding friction pairs with an infrared (IR) probe and IR thermography installed on it.
The approximate temperature of contact surface was measured by the probe while non-contact surface’s temperature distribution was determined with the IR thermography.
In addition, the calculated temperature field showed good accordance with the IR thermography data.
Fig. 6 is a picture of IR thermography at 900 second from mode 1, and the highest temperature is 59.8.
Special point Fig. 6 Image from IR thermography at 900 second (v=0.471m/s, p=0.637MPa) Verify the calculate result using IR thermography.

The applications of infrared thermography can be divided into two groups: quantitative and qualitative measurements.
Principle of infrared thermography Infrared thermography is a system of recording temperature by measuring infrared radiation emitted from a target surface.
The IR thermography was captured during the cooling process with a temperature decreasing about 10oC.
Emissivity estimation for accurate quatitative thermography, NDT&E International, Vol. 51 (2012), p. 127-134
Raj, Measurement of thermal diffusivity of solids using infrared thermography, Materials Letters, Vol. 62 (2008), p. 2740–2742 [8] A.

Thermal analysis using thermography revealed that insert wires were adequately heated just after current started at a load of 10 N.
Thermal distribution was analyzed by thermography. 2.
Thermal distribution around joint interface was measured by thermography from an opposite side of a thermocouple.
Fig. 3 shows photographs of the weldment in 0.5 seconds and temperature across the joint interface measured by thermography.
(2) By thermal analysis using thermography, it was found that heat spots were formed around the insert wires.