Paper Titles

Determination on Metal Elements and Water-Soluble Anion in PM_2.5
p.25

Nanowaste Management Policy in the Capital City, Mongolia
p.29

Mechanism Research on Pelleting Process and Block Self-Healing of Mixture Recycled Plastics in Die-Plate
p.36

Mechanism Research on Self-Cleaning Filtration of Mixed Plastics in Remanufacture Extrusion Process
p.45

A Review of Thiocyanate Hydrometallurgy for the Recovery of Gold
p.53

Stabilization of Heavy Metal Containing Smelting Ash through Mechano-Chemical Reaction
p.62

Preparation of Solid Fuel Hydrochars from Waste Biomass by Hydrothermal Carbonization
p.73

Current Status of Comprehensive Use and Management Recommendations of Coal Tar in China
p.82

Removal of Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solution Using Biochar Derived from Biomass and Sewage Sludge
p.89

HomeApplied Mechanics and MaterialsApplied Mechanics and Materials Vol. 768A Review of Thiocyanate Hydrometallurgy for the...

A Review of Thiocyanate Hydrometallurgy for the Recovery of Gold

Article Preview

Abstract:

Over the past century, numbers of hydrometallurgical processing technologies have been conducted for gold leaching in mining and second resource, such as cyanidation, being with high toxicity and low reaction rate, and non-cyanide---thiosulphate leaching and thiourea leaching, etc, having relatively high reagent consumption. Recently, ammonium thiocyanate was selected as leaching reagent in the laboratory study. Just as some papers shown, thiocyanate can be complexed tightly with Au⁺ or Au³⁺ to form water-soluble complexes according to the dynamic and thermodynamic system of thiocyanate gold and regenerated or obtained as a by-product in technological processes. And the extraction process is affected by many factors, such as thiocyanate concentration, oxidant concentration, liquid-solid ratio, temperature, and reaction time, especially pH and the category of oxidants, which can be chosen properly to make the method extensively applied in industrialization. Recent studies have shown that the gold leaching with thiocyanate under alkaline conditions is also viable using oxygen as oxidant. Then this article compares and analyzes the use of different oxidants in acid or alkali environment reaching a 96% leaching efficiency and the techniques of gold recycle from thiocyanate gold solutions. However, as the restriction for post-processing cost of thiocyanate and the strict requirement for the equipment in the acidic conditions or high pressure conditions, additional research should be directed towards making incorporation with other extraction methods perfectly. Two development tendencies are presented in this paper: (1) as additive; (2) as the lixiviant under alkaline or neutral conditions.

You might also be interested in these eBooks

Selected Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Waste Management and Technology

Info:

Periodical:

Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 768)

Pages:

53-61

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.768.53

Citation:

Cite this paper

Online since:

June 2015

Authors:

Chuan Jing Ma, Jing Ying Li*, Ren Jie Liu

Keywords:

Gold Leaching, Hydrometallurgy, Non-Cyanide, Oxidant, Post-Processing, Thiocyanate

Export:

RIS, BibTeX

Price:

Permissions CCC:

Request Permissions

Permissions PLS:

Request Permissions

Сopyright:

© 2015 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Share:

Citation:

* - Corresponding Author

[1] J. Cui, L. Zhang, Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: A review, Journal of hazardous materials. 158 (2) (2008) 228-256.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.001

[2] Y. Zhang, S. Liu, H. Xie, et al. Current status on leaching precious metals from waste printed circuit boards, Procedia Environmental Sciences. 16 (2012) 560-568.

DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.077

[3] K.Q. Qiu, H. Gu, S. Chen, Characteristics of metals resources and status of hydrometallurgical processes for recycling metals from waste printed circuit boards, The Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals. 18 (2008) 381-385.

DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.08.007

[4] J. Li, M.S. Safarzadeh, M.S. Moats, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold: Part II: The leaching kinetics, Hydrometallurgy. 113 (2012) 10-18.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.007

[5] G. Hilson, A.J. Monhemius, Alternatives to cyanide in the gold mining industry: what prospects for the future?, Journal of Cleaner production. 14 (12) (2006) 1158-1167.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.09.005

[6] M.S. Prasad, R. Mensah-Biney, R.S. Pizarro, Modern trends in gold processing—overview, Minerals Engineering. 4 (12) (1991) 1257-1277.

DOI: 10.1016/0892-6875(91)90171-q

[7] A.G. Kholmogorov, O.K. ononova, G.L. Pashkov, et al. Thiocyanate solutions in gold technology, Hydrometallurgy. 64 (1) (2002) 43-48.

DOI: 10.1016/s0304-386x(02)00005-1

[8] X.Y. Zhang, L. Chen, D.H. Chen, Study of Gold Leaching from PCB by Thiocyanate Process, Precious Metals. 29(1) (2008) 11-14. (In Chinese).

[9] M.W. Song, J. Liu, H.P. Yu. Technical Study on Gold Extraction by Ammonium Thiocyanate, Mining and Metallurgical Engineering. (2) (2013) 84-87. (In Chinese).

[10] J. Li, M.S. Safarzadeh, M.S. Moats, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold.: Part III: Thiocyanate stability, Hydrometallurgy. 113 (2012) 19-24.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.009

[11] W. Douglas Gould, M. King, B.R. Mohapatra, et al. A critical review on destruction of thiocyanate in mining effluents, Minerals Engineering. 34 (2012) 38-47.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.009

[12] M.N. Hughes, Chemistry and biochemistry of thiocyanic acid and its derivatives, In: Newman, A.A. (Ed. ), Academic Press, New York and London. (1975) 1-67.

[13] J. Li, M.S. Safarzadeh, M.S. Moats, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part I: Chemical and thermodynamic considerations, Hydrometallurgy. 113 (2012) 1-9.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.005

[14] O. Barbosa-Filho, A.J. Monhemius, Leaching of gold in thiocyanate solutions -Part 1: chemistry and thermodynamics, Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. 1994, 103, 105-110.

[15] J.J. Barnett, D.M. Stanbury. Formation of trithiocyanate in the oxidation of aqueous thiocyanate, Inorganic chemistry. 41 (2) (2002) 164-166.

DOI: 10.1021/ic015597d

[16] I.R. Wilson, G.M. Harris, The oxidation of thiocyanate ion by hydrogen peroxide. I. The pH-independent reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society, 82 (17) (1960) 4515-4517.

DOI: 10.1021/ja01502a017

[17] I.R. Wilson, G.M. Harris, The oxidation of thiocyanate ion by hydrogen peroxide. II. The acid-catalyzed reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society. 83 (2) (1961) 286-289.

DOI: 10.1021/ja01463a007

[18] T.A. Kenova, V.L. Kormienko, S.V. Drozdov, On Electrochemical oxidation of thiocyanates in solutions for cyanidation of gold-containing ores and concentrates, Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 83 (9) (2010) 1589-1592.

DOI: 10.1134/s1070427210090156

[19] Z. Wang, C. Ye, S. Fan, et al. Eh-pH Diagrams and Thermodynamic Analysis of Gold Leaching Systems, Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy). (3) (2008) 37-40. (In Chinese).

[20] M.I. Jeffrey, Kinetic aspects of gold and silver leaching in ammonia–thiosulfate solutions, Hydrometallurgy. 60 (1) (2001) 7-16.

DOI: 10.1016/s0304-386x(00)00151-1

[21] J.X. Chen, X.T. Pang, Research of thiocyanate leaching gold from copper pyrite calcine, Gold. 18(3) (1997) 33-38. (In Chinese).

[22] S.H. Ji, L.Y. An, M.L. Tang, Experimental study of gold and silver thiocyanate leaching from industrial waste, Multipurpose Utilization of Mineral Resource. (1) (2009) 43-44. (In Chinese).

[23] H. Guo, S. Yang, Y. Chen, et al. Oxidative Pressure Leaching of Gold from Refractory Gold Sulfide Concentrates with Alkaline Thiocyanate Solution, Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy). (10) (2011) 23-26. (In Chinese).

[24] Y.Q. Hu, S.H. Hai, Y.M. Chen, Exploration Test on Gold Extraction from Arsenopyrite Gold Concentrate with Oxidation Pressure Leaching Process in Ammonium Thiocyanate-Ammonia System, Nonferrous Metals (Extractive Metallurgy). (9) (2012).

[25] M.W. Song, Q. Liu, H.P. Yu, The study of curing roasting-ammonium thiocyanate leaching gold from refractory mining, Chemical Industry of Sichuan. (2) (2013) 4-8. (In Chinese).

[26] J.S. Zhang, Shen, Y. Cheng, et al. Dual lixiviant leaching process for extraction and recovery of gold from ores at room temperature, Hydrometallurgy. 144 (2014) 114-123. (In Chinese).

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2014.02.001

[27] D.M. Muir, M.G. Aylmore, Thiosulphate as an alternative to cyanide for gold processing–issues and impediments, Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy. 113 (1) (2004) 2-12.

DOI: 10.1179/037195504225004661

[28] A.E. Martell, R.M. Smith, Critical stability constants, New York: Plenum Press. (1974).

[29] X.H. Wang, Electrochemistry in mineral and metal processing III, The Electrochemical Society, Inc., Pennington, NJ, (1992) 452-477.

[30] J. Marsden, I. House, The chemistry of gold extraction, New York: Ellis Horwood. (1992).

[31] Z. Wang, D. Chen, L. Chen, Gold cementation from thiocyanate solutions by iron powder, Minerals engineering. 20 (6) (2007) 581-590.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2006.12.009

[32] Z. Wang, D. Chen, L. Chen, Application of fluoride to enhance aluminum cementation of gold from acidic thiocyanate solution, Hydrometallurgy. 89 (3) (2007) 196-206.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.07.005

[33] J. Li, M.S. Safarzadeh, M.S. Moats, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part IV: Solvent extraction of gold with Alamine 336, Hydrometallurgy. 113(2012) 25-30.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.006

[34] J. Li, M.S. Safarzadeh, M.S. Moats, et al. Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold. Part V: Process alternatives for solution concentration and purification, Hydrometallurgy. 113 (2012) 31-38.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.008

[35] O.N. Kononova, A.G. Kholmogorov, N.V. Danilenko, et al. Recovery of silver from thiosulfate and thiocyanate leach solutions by adsorption on anion exchange resins and activated carbon, Hydrometallurgy. 88 (1) (2007) 189-195.

DOI: 10.1016/j.hydromet.2007.03.012

[36] D.W. Boening, C.M. Chew. A critical review: general toxicity and environmental fate of three aqueous cyanide ions and associated ligands, Water, air, and soil pollution. 109 (1-4) (1999) 67-79.

[37] W. Douglas Gould, M. King, B.R. Mohapatra, et al. A critical review on destruction of thiocyanate in mining effluents, Minerals Engineering. 34 (2012) 38-47.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mineng.2012.04.009

[38] I.R. Wilson, G.M. Harris, The oxidation of thiocyanate ion by hydrogen peroxide. I. The pH-independent reaction, Journal of the American Chemical Society. 82 (17) (1960) 4515-4517.

DOI: 10.1021/ja01502a017

[39] A.A. Batoeva, M.R. Sizykh, D.G. Aseev, Catalytic oxidation of thiocyanates, Catalysis in Industry. 2 (1) (2010) 67-71.

DOI: 10.1134/s2070050410010113

[40] V.K. Sharma, R.A. Yngard, D.E. Cabelli, et al. Ferrate (VI) and ferrate (V) oxidation of cyanide, thiocyanate, and copper (I) cyanide, Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 77 (6) (2008) 761-767.

DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.11.004

[41] M.B. Stott, P.D. Franzmann, L.R. Zappia, et al. Thiocyanate removal from saline CIP process water by a rotating biological contactor, with reuse of the water for bioleaching, Hydrometallurgy. 62 (2) (2001) 93-105.

DOI: 10.1016/s0304-386x(01)00185-2

[42] H.P. Vu, A. Mu, J.W. Moreau. Biodegradation of thiocyanate by a novel strain of Burkholderia phytofirmans from soil contaminated by gold mine tailings, Letters in applied microbiology. 57 (4) (2013) 368-372.

DOI: 10.1111/lam.12123