Effect High Salinity and Red-Blue Light Treatment on Lipid Content of the Microalgae Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz as Biodiesel Source

Abstract:

Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz is not only known as feed in aquaculture industry, but also it has been developed as biodiesel source. In order to optimize the microalgae as a biodiesel feedstock, it is necessary to study its environmental factors, such as light and medium salinity. This study was conducted to determine the effect of red-blue light in a wide range of salinity medium. C. zofingiensis Dönz used in this study were cultured for 21 days on a laboratory scale using a medium consisted of ZA, Urea and Farmpion (local agriculture fertilizer) with a ratio of 4: 2: 1. There were three variations of salinity treatments, including culture without the addition of NaCl (its medium salinity was 14 ppm); the addition of NaCl 5 ppm (its medium salinity was 19 ppm) and NaCl 10 ppm (its medium salinity was 24 ppm). Its cell density and dry weight were measured every 7 days. Neutral lipid content was determined with Nile Red staining method and analyzed with Cell Profiler software every 7 days. The highest lipid content was achieved by treatment of blue light and the addition of NaCl 5 ppm, accounted for 344.6 mg L^-1 or 50% of the dry weight.

• Periodical: Applied Mechanics and Materials (Volume 842)
• Pages: 103-110
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.842.103
• Online since: June 2016
• Authors: Eko Agus Suyono*, Anis Listyarini, Anisa Hardiyati
• Keywords: Biodiesel, Blue Light, Chlorella zofingiensis, Lipid, Red Light, Salinity

References

[1] Bold, H.C. and M. J. Wynne. Introduction to the algae: structure and reproduction, second ed, Prentice Hal Inc., Englewood Cliff, New York, 1985, pp.141-142.

[2] Liu, J., Z. Sun, H. Gerken, Z. Liu, Y. Jiang and F. Chen, Chlorella zofingiensis as an alternative microalgal producer of astaxanthin: biology and industrial potential, Marine drugs, 12 (2014) 3491-3492.

DOI: 10.3390/md12063487

[3] Rhodes, D and A. D. Hanson, Quaternary ammonium and tertiary sulfonium compounds in higher plants, Annual review of plant physiology and plant molecular biology, 44 (1993) 357–384.

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.002041

[4] Feng, P., Z. Deng., L. Fan., and Z. Lu, Lipid accumulation and growth characteristics of chlorella zofingiensis under different nitrate and phosphate concentrations, Journal of bioscience and bioengineering, 114 (2012) 405-410.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.05.007

[5] Illman, A. M., A. H. Scragg and S. W. Shales, Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium, Enzyme and microbial technology, 27 (2000) 631-635.

DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00266-0

[6] Scragg, A. H., A. M. Illman, A. Carden and S. W. Shales, Growth of microalgae with increased caloric values in a tubular bioreactor, Biomass and bioenergy, 23 (2002) 67-73.

DOI: 10.1016/s0961-9534(02)00028-4

[7] Klein, R. M, Effect of green light on biological systems, Biological review, 67 (1992) 199-284.

[8] Koc, C., G. A. Anderson and A. Kommareddy, Use of red and blue light-emitting diodes (LED) and fluorescent lamps to grow microalgae in a photobioreactor, The israeli journal of aquaculture, 65 (2012) 1-8.

DOI: 10.46989/001c.20661

[9] Campbell, N. A., J. B. Reece, L. A. Urry, M. L. Cain, S. A. Wasserman, P. V. Minoskry and R. B. Jackson, Biology, eighth ed, Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco USA, 2008, pp.185-199.

[10] Rivkin, R. B, Influence of irradiance and spectral quality on the carbon metabolism of phytoplankton, Marine ecology progress series, 55 (1989) 291-304.

DOI: 10.3354/meps055291

[11] Suyono, E.A. Aminin, Pradani, L., Mu'avatun, U., Habiba, R.N., Ramdaniyah, Rohma, E.F. Combination of blue, red, white, and ultraviolet lights for increasing carotenoids and biomass of Microalga Haematococcus pluvialis. Procedia Environmental Sciences 28 (2015).

DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.049

[12] Suyono, E.A. and Samudra. Growth And Lipid Content of Microalgae Tetraselmis Sp. Cuture Using Combination of Red blue Light and Nitrogen Starvationas An Effort to Increase Biodiesel Production, Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Science. 17 (1) (2015).

[13] Shu, C. H., C. C. Tsai, W. H. Liao, K. Y. Chen and H. C. Huang, Effect of light on the accumulation of oil in a mixed culture of Chlorella sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology, 87 (2012) 601-607.

DOI: 10.1002/jctb.2750

[14] Chen, P., M. Min, Y. Chen, L. Wang, Y. Li, Q. Chen, C. Wang, Y. Wang, X. Wang, Y. Chen, S. Deng, K. Hennessy, X. Lin, Y. Lui, Y. Wang, B. Martinez and R. Ruan, Review of the biological and engineering aspects of algae to fuels approach, International journal of agriculture and biology, 2 (2009).

[15] Lee, C. and B. Palsson. 1996. Photoacclimation of Chlorella vulgaris to red light from light-emitting diodes leads to autospore release following each cellular division, Biotechnology progress, 12 (1996) 249-256.

DOI: 10.1021/bp950084t

[16] Derenne, S., P. Metzger, C. Largeau, P.F. Van Berge, J.P. Gatellier, J.S. S Damste, J.W. De Leeuw and C. Berkaloff, Similar morphological and chemical variations of in ordovician sediments and cultured Botryococcus braunii as a response to changes in salinity, Organic geochemistry, 19 (1992).

DOI: 10.1016/0146-6380(92)90001-e

[17] Carpenter, A.E., T.R. Jones, M. R. Lamprecht, C. Clarke, I. H. Kang, O. Friman, D. A. Guertin, J. H. Chang, R. A. Lindquist and J. Moffat, CellProfiler: Image analysis software for identifying and quantifying cell phenotypes. Genome biology. 7 (2006).

DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-10-r100

[18] Figueroa, F. L., J. Aguilera and F. X. Niell, Red and blue light regulation of growth and photosynthetic metabolism in Porphyra umbilicalis (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), European journal of phycology, 30 (1995) 11-18.

DOI: 10.1080/09670269500650761

[19] Richmond, A., Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology, Blackwell Science, India, 2004, p.3, 83-89.

[20] Wang, Z. T., N. Ullrich, S. Joo, S. Waffenschmidt and U. Goodenough, Algal lipid bodies: stress induction, purification and biochemical characterization in wild-type and starchless Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Eukaryot cell, 8 (2009) 1856-1868.

DOI: 10.1128/ec.00272-09

[21] Bartley, M. L., W. J. Boeing, A. A. Corcoran, F. O. Holguin and T. Schaub, Effects of salinity on growth and lipid accumulation of biofuel microalga Nannochloropsis salina and invading organisms, Biomass and Bioenergy, 54 (2013) 83-88.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.03.026

[22] Senge, M. and H. Senger, Adaptation of photosynthetic apparatus of Chlorella and Ankistrodesmas to blue and red light, Botanica Acta, 104 (1991) 139-143.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1991.tb00209.x

[23] Voskresenskaya, N. P, Blue light and carbon metabolism, Annual review of plant physiology, 23 (1972) 219-234.

DOI: 10.1146/annurev.pp.23.060172.001251

[24] Taher, H., S. Al-Zuhair, A. H. Al-Marzouqi, Y. Haik and M. Farid, Effective extraction of microalgae lipids from wet biomass for biodiesel production, Biomass and bioenergy, 66 (2014) 159-167.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.02.034

[25] Sharma, K. K., H. Schuhmann and P. M. Schenk, High lipid induction in microalgae for biodisel production, Energies, 5 (2012) 1532-1553.

DOI: 10.3390/en5051532

[26] Juneja, A., R. M. Ceballos and G. S. Murty, Effects of environmental factors and nutrient availability on the biochemical composition of algae for biofuels production, Energies, 6 (2013) 4607-4638.

DOI: 10.3390/en6094607

[27] Wu, X. and J. C. Merchuk, A model integrating fluid dynamics in photosynthesis and photoinhibition processes, Chemical engineering science, 56 (2001) 3527–3538.

DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2509(01)00048-3