Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Plant Extract and its Anti-Plasmodial Property

Abstract:

Metallic nanoparticles have received great attention from chemists, physicists, biologists and engineers who wish to use them for the development of a new generation of nanodevices. In the present Communication, a completely “green” chemistry method for producing silver nanoparticles is introduced. The process is simple, environmentally benign, and quite efficient. Green nanoparticle synthesis has been achieved using environmentally acceptable plant extract and ecofriendly reducing and capping agents. In particular, silver nanoparticles are proved to have potential antibacterial, antifungal and antiplasmodial and antimicrobial properties. The present study was aimed to identify the antiplasmodial activity of green synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extract of plant Euphorbia hirta against P.falciparum. Nanoparticles are being used in many commercial applications. It was found that aqueous silver ions can be reduced by aqueous extract of plant to generate extremely stable silver nanoparticles in water. The bio-reduced silver nanoparticles were appropriately characterized by UV–vis spectrum, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The formation of the AgNPs synthesized from the XRD spectrum compared with the standard confirmed spectrum of silver particles formed in the present experiments were in the form of nanocrystals, as evidenced by the peaks at 2θ values of =28.01°, 32.41°, 46.44°, 55.05° and 57.75°. The scanning electron micrograph (SEM) showed structures of spherical, cubic shape, and the size range was found to be 30–60 nm. The EDX spectra showed the purity of the material and the complete chemical composition of the synthesized AgNPs. The parasitic inhibition was dose-dependent. The synthesized AgNPs showed considerable antiplasmodial activity than the crude methanol and aqueous leaf extract of E.hirta. The maximum efficacy was

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volume 1086)
• Pages: 11-30
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1086.11
• Online since: February 2015
• Authors: Chellasamy Panneerselvam*, Kadarkarai Murugan, Duraisamy Amerasan
• Keywords: Antiplasmodial Activity, EDX, P. falciparum, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Silver Nanoparticle, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)

References

[1] Abu Bakar NHH, Ismail J, Abu Bakar M (2007) Synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles in natural rubber. Mater Chem Phys 104: 276–283.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.03.015

[2] Agalya Priyadarshini K, Murugan K, Panneerselvam C, Ponarulselvam S, Jiang- Shiou Hwang, Nicoletti M (2012).

[3] Ahmad N, Sharma S, Alam MK, Singh VN, Shamsi SF, Mehta BR, Fatma A (2010) Rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried medicinal plant of basil. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces 81: 81–86.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2010.06.029

[4] Akinrinmade JF, Oyeleye OA (2010) Antimicrobial efficacy and tissue reaction of Euphorbia hirta ethanolic extract on canine wounds. Afr J Biotechnol 9: 5028-5031.

[5] Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006a) Larvicidal effects of various essential oils against Aedes, Anopheles, and Culex larvae (Diptera, Culicidae). Parasitol Res 99: 466–472.

DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0182-3

[6] Amer A, Mehlhorn H (2006b) Persistency of larvicidal effects of plant oil extracts under different storage conditions. Parasitol Res 99: 473–477.

DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0183-2

[7] Ankamwar B, Damle C, Absar A, Mural S (2005) Biosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Emblica officinalis fruit extract, their phase transfer and transmetallation in an organicsolution. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10: 1665–1671.

DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2005.184

[8] Arangasamy L, Munusamy V (2008) Tapping the unexploited plant resources for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Afr J Biotechnol 7: 3162–3165.

[9] Bar H, Bhui DK, Sahoo GP, Sarkar P, De SP, Misra A (2009) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex of Jatropha curcas. Colloid Surf A 339: 134–139.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.02.008

[10] Brause R, Möltgen H, Kleinermanns K (2002) Characterization of laser ablated and chemically reduced silver colloids in aqueous solution by UV/VIS spectroscopy and STM/SEM microscopy. Appl Phys B: 75(6–7): 711-716.

DOI: 10.1007/s00340-002-1024-3

[11] Carvalho LH, Branda˜ o MGL, Santos-Filho, D, Lopes JLC, Krettli AU (1991).

[12] Chandran SP, Chaudhary M, Pasricha R, Ahmad A, Sastry M (2006) Synthesis of gold nanotriangles and silver nanoparticles using Aloe vera plant extract. Biotechnol Prog 22: 577–583.

DOI: 10.1021/bp0501423

[13] Chen L, Evans JR (2009) Arched structures created by colloidal droplets as they dry. Langmuir 25: 11299–11301.

DOI: 10.1021/la902918m

[14] Chen L (1991) Studies on the Polyphenols from leaves of Euphorbia hirta L. [J]. China J Chin Mater Med: 16(1): 38-39.

[15] El Tahir A, Satti GM, Khalid SA (1999) Antiplasmodial activity of selected Sudanese medicinal plants with emphasis on Maytenus senegalensis (Lam. ). Exell J Ethnopharmacol 64(3): 227–233.

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00129-9

[16] Elechiguerra JL, Burt JL, Morones JR, Camacho-Bragado A, Gao X., Lara HH, Yacaman MJ (2005) Interaction of silver nanoparticles with HIV-1. J Nanobiotechnol 3: 6.

DOI: 10.1186/1477-3155-3-6

[17] Elumalai EK, Prasad TNVKV, Hemachandran J, Therasa SV, Thirumalai T, David E (2010) Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Euphorbia hirta and their antibacterial activities. J Pharm Sci Res 2(9): 549–554.

[18] Gasquet M, Delmas F, Timond-David P (1993) Evaluation in vitro and in vivo of a traditional antimalarial drug 'Malarial 5',. Fitoterapia 64: 423–426.

[19] Gong P, Li H, He X, Wang K, Hu J, Tan W, Zhang S, Yang X (2007) Preparation and antibacterial activity of Fe3O4@Ag nanoparticles. Nanotechnol 18: 285604.

DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/28/285604

[20] Goodsell DS (2004) Bionanotechnology: lessons from nature. Wiley-Liss, Hoboken.

[21] Huang J, Li Q, Sun D, Lu Y, Su Y, Yang X, Wang H, Wang Y, Shao W, He N, Hong J, Chen C (2007) Biosynthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by novel sundried Cinnamomum camphora leaf. Nanotechnology 18: 105104.

DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/18/10/105104

[22] Johnson PB, Abdurahman EM, Tiam EA, Abdu-Aguye I, Hussaini IM (1999) Euphorbia hirta leaf extracts increase urine output and electrolytes in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 65: 63-69.

DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(98)00143-3

[23] Kayembe JS, Taba KM, Ntumba K, Tshiongo MTC, Kazadi TK (2010) In vitro anti-malarial activity of 20 quinones isolated from four plants used by traditional healers in the Democratic Republic of Congo. J Med Plant Res 4(11): 991–994.

[24] Khandelwal N, Abhijeet S, Devendra J, Upadhyay MK, Verma HN (2010) Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Argimone mexicana leaf extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities. Dig J Nanomat Biostruct 5: 483–489.

[25] Kiritikar KR, Basu DJ. in: K.S. Mhaskar, E. Blatter, J.F. Caius (Eds. ) (2000). Illustrated Indian Medicinal Plants, 9, Satguru Publications, New Delhi pp.3031-3033.

[26] Krishnaraj C, Jagan EG, Rajasekar S, Selvakumar P, Kalaichelvan PT, Mohan N (2010).

[27] Lanhers MC, Fleurentin J, Dorfman P, Mortier F, Pelt JM (1991) Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of Euphorbia hirta. Planta Med 57: 225-231.

DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-960079

[28] Mallavadhani UV, Narasimhany K (2009) Two novel butanol rhamnosides from an Indian traditional herb, Euphorbia hirta [J]. Nat Prod Res 23(7): 644-651.

DOI: 10.1080/14786410802214009

[29] Mishra K, Dash AP, Swan BK, Dey N (2009) Antimalarial activities of Andrographis paiculata and Hedyotis corymbosa extracts and their combination with curcumin. Malar J 8: 26 doi: 10. 1186/1475-2875-8-2-6.

DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-26

[30] Moaddab S, Hammed Ahari, Delavar Shahbazzadeh, Abbas Ali Motallebi, Amir Ali Anvar, Jaffar Rahman-Nya, Mohamaad Reza Shokrgozar (2011) Toxicity Study of Nanosilver (Nanocid) on Osteoblast Cancer Cell Line. Int Nano Lett 1: 11-16.

[31] Pabon A, Carmona J, Maestre A, Camargo M, Blair S (2002) Inhibition of P. falciparum by steroids isolated from Solanum nudum. Phytother Res 16: 59–62.

DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1035

[32] Panneerselvam C, Ponarulselvam S, Murugan K (2011) Potential Anti-plasmodial activity of synthesized silver nanoparticle using Andrographis paniculata Nees. Arc App Sci Res 3(6): 208-217.

[33] Patil SB, Naikwade NS, Magdum CS (2009) Review on phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects of Euphorbia hirta Linn. J Pharmacol Res Health Care 1: 113-133.

[34] Ponarulselvam S, Panneerselvam C, Murugan K, Aarthi N, Kalimuthu K, Thangamani S (2012) Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using leaves of Catharanthus roseus Linn. G. Don and their antiplasmodial activities. Asian-Pacific J Trop Biomed 574-580.

DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60100-2

[35] Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K (2008a) Larvicidal activity of some Euphorbiaceae plant extracts against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasitol Res 102: 867–873.

DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0839-6

[36] Rahuman AA, Gopalakrishnan G, Venkatesan P, Geetha K (2008b) Isolation and identification of mosquito larvicidal compound from Abutilon indicum (Linn. ) Sweet. Parasitol Res 102: 981–988.

DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0864-5

[37] Rajkumar G, Rahuman AA (2011) Larvicidal activity of synthesized silver nanoparticles using Eclipta prostrata leaf extract against filariasis and malaria vector. Acta Trop doi: 10. 1016/j. actatrop ica. 2011. 03. 003.

DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.03.003

[38] Raut RW, Kolekar, Niranjan S, Lakkakula, Jaya R, Mendhulkar, Vijay D, Kashid, Sahebrao B (2010) Extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles using dried leaves of Pongamia pinnata (L. ) pierre. Nano-Micro Lett 2: 106–113.

DOI: 10.1007/bf03353627

[39] Raveendran P, Fu J, Wallen SL (2003) Completely green, synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 125: 13940–13941.

DOI: 10.1021/ja029267j

[40] Rieckman KH (1980).

[41] Saxena A, Tripathi RM, Singh RP (2010) Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using onion (Allium cepa) extract and their antibacterial activity. Dig J Nanomater Bios 5(2): 427–432.

[42] Shankar SS, Rai A, Ahmad A, Sastry M (2004) Rapid synthesis of Au, Ag, and bimetallic Au core Ag shell nanoparticles using Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf broth. J Colloid Interface Sci 275: 496–502.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.03.003

[43] Sharma NC, Sahi SV, Nath S, Parsons JG, Gardea-Torresdey JL, Pal T (2007) Synthesis of plant-mediated gold nanoparticles and catalytic role of biomatrix embedded nanomaterials. Environ Sci Technol 41: 5137–5142.

DOI: 10.1021/es062929a

[44] Shrivastava S, Dash D (2010) Label-free colorimetric estimation of proteins using nanoparticles of silver. Nano-Micro Lett 2: 164– 168.

DOI: 10.1007/bf03353636

[45] Sinha S, Pan I, Chanda P, Sen SK (2009) Nanoparticles fabrication using ambient biological resources. J Appl Biosci 19: 1113–1130.

[46] Sondi I, Salopek-Sondi B (2004) Silver nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent: a case study on E. coli as a model for Gram-negative bacteria. J Colloid Interface Sci 275: 177–182.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2004.02.012

[47] Thakkar KN, Mhatre SS, Parikh RY (2009) Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Nanomed Nanotechnol Biol Med 6: 257–262.

[48] Trager W, Jensen Jb (1978) Cultivation of Malarial Parasites. Nature 273: 621-2.

[49] Vigneshwaran N, Ashtaputre NM, Varadarajan PV, Nachane RP, Paralikar KM, Balasubramanya R (2007) Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus flavus. Materials Letters 61: 1413-1418.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.07.042

[50] Vilchis-Nestor AR, Sanchez-Mendieta V, Camacho-Lopez MA, Gomez- Espinosa RM, Camacho-Lopez MA, Arenas-Alatorre JA (2008).

[51] Willcox ML, Bodeker G, Rasoanaivo P (2004) Traditional medicinal plant and malaria. City, Country: CRC press.

[52] Wright CW, Phillipson JD (1990) Natural products and the development of selective antiprotozoal drugs. Phytother Res 4: 127–139.

DOI: 10.1002/ptr.2650040402

[53] WU Yi, QU Wei, GENG Di, LIANG Jing-Yu, LUO Yang-Li (2012) Phenols and flavonoids from the aerial part of Euphorbia hirta. Chinese J Nat Med 10(1): 0040−0042.

DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1009.2012.00040