Advanced Materials Research Vols. 488-489

Abstract: Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) is a severe plastic deformation (SPD) method for obtaining bulk nanostructured materials. The ECAE die consists of two equal channels that intersect at an angle, usually between 90。and 135。. In the present study, the plastic deformation behavior of copper during the ECAE process with 120o die was investigated. To analyze the deformation behavior and the related strain distributions in the specimen, the commercial FE code ABAQUS has been used. The properties of the materials are strongly dependent on the shear plastic deformation behavior during equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE), which is controlled mainly by die geometry, material properties, and the friction between billet and the die. The ECAE process for these conditions was explained using the two different friction conditions of 0.15 and 0.08 to all sliding surfaces. The effective strain by the theoretical equation is in good agreement with the FEM results.

Abstract: Despite efficiency of modern implantology, unplanned perforation and drill deviation could be happened during freehand placement. The aim of this study was to provide a methodology for fabricating dental surgical drill guide for fully edentulous patients while it was flexible in term of changing drill diameter. The data of patient consisted of bone anatomy and radio-opaque template obtained from computed tomography. Jawbone and radio-opaque template three dimensional models converted into a three dimensional modeling software by means of an image processing package. Based on jawbone anatomy and radio-opaque template, implantation plan and design of surgical guides were carried out in three dimensional software. Rapid prototyping technique was used to manufacture several surgical guides to be used in different drilling sequences. Finally stainless steel tubes were accommodated passage of drill. Sequential surgical guides were different only in terms of the metal tubes internal diameter. This provides the ability of changing diameter of the implant or drill after fabricating surgical guide.

Abstract: Systems biology is a term used to describe a number of trends in bioscience research, and a movement which draws on those trends. Systems biology aims to understand the biology from the system level. The fundamental challenge of systems biology is to establish a complete, detailed description of the link between biological molecules and to study molecular interactions and the close association between the physiological responses. Systems biology methods in the system under the guidance will enable us to break the shackles of the old research model to study life from the grasp of the whole phenomenon. We must effectively grasp and follow the systems biology approach to guide our biological research practice.

Abstract: SEMG detection system is of great significance in clinical diagnosis, rehabilitation engineering, sports medicine and the bionic man-machine systems as a noninvasive detection method. EMG detection system mainly researches and designs for the SEMG signal acquisition, conditioning and treatment. The system which is composed of SEMG signal acquisition module, the system processing module and stimulator module has the function of detection spontaneous and evoking EMG, and processing and analyzing the extracted eigenvalue by using the methods of time domain analysis and frequency domain analysis. This paper designs the ARM core detection system, and processes the collected signal by combing analog filters and digital filters in order to achieve suppression of noise and interference, so as to obtain the effective SEMG. ARM processor reduces power consumption and improves the system performance and reliability. The results of experiments show that the system can extract the spontaneous EMG of the effective range, has the function of detection evoked EMG.

Abstract: The objectives of this research were to prepare self-reinforcement biocomposites films from sisal cellulose by solvent casting using NaOH complex solution and to investigate the effect of reinforcement content (i.e., 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt %) in various forms, i.e., sisal microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), commercial MCC, and short sisal fiber, respectively. The sisal MCC was extracted from sisal fiber by means of delignification, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis, respectively. The obtained MCC powder observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) appeared as short fiber shape with smooth surface having diameter of approximately 10 μm, whereas its length was varied between 67-150 μm. The tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the composite films reinforced with 15 wt % of sisal MCC reached up to 5.16 MPa and 375.25 MPa, respectively. The degradation temperature investigated by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and water absorption values were significantly improved with increasing of reinforcement loading.

Abstract: This work deals with planning the dental surgery by making bio-model of the jaw of the patient using rapid prototyping (RP) technique called fused deposition modelling (FDM). The bio-model is not only increasing the safety of dental surgery but also aiding diagnosis and treatment planning. Having an exact model of the patient’s jaw in hand would enable a surgeon to plan the surgery more precisely, as compared to one which is planned using 2D images obtained from CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or X-ray. A mock surgery has been performed on the bio-model by making holes using drill bits of the same size and material as the ones used in an actual surgery and after that the implants were placed and screwed into the holes drilled to secure their positions. This drill has been given the surgeon an exact idea of size of the implant and the orientation in which the implant has to be placed and also depth up to which the hole has to be drilled in order to avoid the damage of the Inferior Alveolar Canal.

Abstract: This paper is the extension of gait pattern generation of the Asian Institute of Technology’s Leg EXoskeleton (ALEX) and its wearer can walk safety with the passing criteria of Zero Moment Point (ZMP) theorem for static and dynamic considerations respectively. ALEX has 12 DOF (6 DOF for each leg: 3 at the Hip, 1 at the knee and 2 at the ankle), controlled by 12 DC motors. The CAD drawing and assembly of ALEX are exported directly to MATLAB’s Simulink-SimMechanics to obtain accurate position of center of gravity (CG) and moment of inertia of each link. The gait pattern is visually observed using 3D VRML interpreter while ZMP trajectory is monitored using MATLAB’s 2D graphics representation. The further gaits generations in this paper include walking from non-zero initial condition, climbing up the stairs and turning left motions. From previous work, the gait data from simulation has confirmed it effectiveness with the actual hardware. With this further gait generation data, ALEX can be tested to confirm its balance gait motions prior to the real implementation to avoid any undesired motions that could damages to the robot system.

Abstract: This paper examines the importance of modeling and simulation in manufacturing, specifically medical device manufacturing. While the use of simulation analysis is steadily gaining acceptance in many industries, medical device manufacturers are still apprehensive of its use and value. It is seen as a non-value added approach given the widespread acceptance of other approaches like lean manufacturing, six-sigma, just-in-time manufacturing etc. Here we will explore the potential benefits of simulation in the manufacturing of medical devices and highlight how it can complement the other process improvement approaches and techniques. When a valid and credible model of a system is established it can be a very effective tool which manufacturers can use to address numerous challenges they face every day - broadly classified into Resource Allocation, Performance Evaluation and Operations Excellence. For manufacturers who are serious about remaining competitive in the 21st century, they cannot afford to ignore this powerful approach. The industry is well positioned to embrace this technology and can leverage key ingredients from existing systems. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) sees a lot of benefit in simulation technology and recommends its use to device manufacturers through a series of guidance documents. The relative benefit of using this approach along with other established approaches of process analyses and improvement like lean cannot be overemphasized. Towards the end of this study, a comprehensive simulation model of case in point manufacturing facility has been developed and its results demonstrate how effective this technology can be in solving real life manufacturing problems in a systematic manner, with a data driven approach.

Abstract: This paper introduces a first level of the SCOR based Food Supply Chain’s Sustainable Performance Evaluation Model and a case study. The model connects environmental performance to the part of the supply chain performance. The aim of the model is to consider ecologic issues as a part of the strategic supply chain decisions and in that way to develop supply chain management more sustainable. The food supply chain’s sustainable performance model consists of the ecological, social, and environmental metrics. It bases e.g. on the level 1 SCOR-metrics. The developed method is used in the case study as a method. The results of the case study shows e.g. that if one production plant would be replaced with two plants the delivery time and delivery costs, waste and carbon dioxide emissions would decrease and production costs and investment costs would increase. The results of the case study show that individual measures of the environmental or economical performance are not enough when optimizing supply chains sustainable performance. Also optimizing production cost or delivery performance may differ from supply chain overall performance. More holistic way to measure overall sustainable performance are needed. The sustainable performance evaluation model seems to be useful way to improve sustainable supply chain management but more studies are needed.

Abstract: Dye-sensitized Solar Cells (DSCs) Have Received Widespread Attention Owing to their Low Cost, Easy Fabrication, and Relatively High Solar-to-electricity Conversion Efficiency. Based on the Tio2 Electrode, Ruthenium Complex Dye, Liquid Electrolyte, and Pt Counter Electrode, Dscs Have Already Exhibited an Efficiency above 11% and Offer an Appealing Alternative to Conventional Solar Cells. however, until now the Commercial and Well Known Standard Dye Is the Ruthenium Complex, Namely, Cis-bis(isothiocyanato)-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'dicarboxylato)ruthenium(II) (N3) which Has Been Widely Used around the Word. in this Article, N3 Standard Dye Was Synthesized and Characterized by Two Synthetic Routes: Grätzel’s Protocol and a One-pot Reaction from Cheap and Easily Prepared Starting Materials.