Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on the Bioactivity of Planktonic and Attached Bacteria Grown in Annular Reactor System

Abstract:

Annular reactor; Epifluorescent microscope; Adenosine triphosphate(ATP)；Chlorine dioxide; Abstract: The artificial solution, including organic molecular weight cut-off less than 5 K added indigenous bacteria taken from biofilter conducted in bench-scale experiment, was drawn by peristaltic pump pumped into Annular Reactor system (ARs) with flow rate 20 mL/min and rotating velocity of 134 rpm. ARs could reach stable at the operational time of 40 hrs. Then, chlorine dioxide was added into ARs to keep system consisting of three chlorine dioxide dosages , including 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg-ClO2 as Cl2/L. Live-Dead microorganisms in this research were measured using both kinds of dye, such as CTC (5-cyano-2,3-diolyl tetrazolium chloride) and DAPI (4’,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride), observed under fluorescence microscopy having G-2A filter (EX 510-560 nm, DM 575, BA 590 nm) for CTC, and UV-2A (UV-2A (EX 330-380 nm, DM 400 nm, BA 420 NM) for DAPI. Of course, the measurement of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) was used as another parameter to evaluate the bacterial activity. Current data shows that when initial chlorine dioxide of 0.2 mg-ClO2asCl2 /L could not effectively control the bacterial cells, especially that the remaining dosage decreased to zero at longer reaction time. In contrast with low chlorine dioxide dosage, 1.0-1.5 mg-ClO2asCl2 /L could not only control the planktonic bacteria but also inhibit the growth of respiring cell attached on the slide. Parameter using Dead-Live cells and ATP to express bacterial activity could show the similar performance while chlorine dioxide was applied into ARs.

• Periodical: Advanced Materials Research (Volume 599)
• Pages: 108-113
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.599.108
• Online since: November 2012
• Authors: Meei Fang Shue, Lih Fu Chen, Jen Jeng Chen, Li Ho Tseng, Bo Ming Yang, Wen Liang Lai
• Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP), Annular Reactor, Chlorine Dioxide, Epifluorescent Microscope

References

[1] G.Fransolet,G. Villers,A.Goyens,andW. J.Masschelein,"Metabolic identification of germs identified form ozonized water mixed with underground water", Ozone Sci.Vol. 8 (1986),p.95.

DOI: 10.1080/01919518608552287

[2] R.I. Amann,W. Ludwig K.H. Schleifer,"Phylogenetic identification and insitu detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation", Microbiol. Rev.Vol. 59(1995),pp.143-169.

DOI: 10.1128/mr.59.1.143-169.1995

[3] R.L. Kepner, and J.R. Pratt, "Use of fluorochromes for direct enumeration of total bacteria in environmental sample: past and present", Micro.Rev.Vol58,(1994),pp.603-615.

DOI: 10.1128/mr.58.4.603-615.1994

[4] J.Långmark, M.V. Storey, N.J. Ashbolt, and T.A. Stenström, "Accumulation and fate of microorganims and microspheres in biofilms formed in pilot-scale water distribution system. Appl", Environ. Microbiol. Vol71(2)(2005),pp.706-712.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.2.706-712.2005

[5] P.W. Butterfield, A.K. Camper, B.D. Ellis, and W.L. Jones, "Chlorination of model drinking water biofilm: implications for growth and organic carbon removal", Vol.36, (2002), pp.4391-4405.

DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(02)00148-3

[6] T.L. Hu and Y.H. Cai "Quantitative Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization of biofilms in drinking water distribution System", 27th waterwater treatment technology in Taiwan, (2002)(in Chiness).

[7] S.D. Richardson, A.D. Thruston Jr, T.W. Collette, K.S. Patterson, B.V. Lykins Jr, G.Majetich, and Y.Zhang, "Multispectral identification of chlorine dioxide disinfection byproductsin drinking water", Environ Sci Technol. Vol.28(4), (1994), pp.592-599.

DOI: 10.1021/es00053a010

[8] S.D. Richardson, "Drinking water disinfection by-products. In: Mey RA, editor. The encyclopedia of environmental analysis and remediation", New York: Wiley, (1998), pp.1398-421.

[9] A. Camper, K. Brastrp, A. Sandvig, J. Clement, C. Spencer, and A. J. Capuzzi, "Effect of distribution system materials on bacterial regrowth", Jour. AWWA. Vol. 95(7), (2003), pp.107-121.

DOI: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2003.tb10412.x

[10] Y. P. Tsai, "Simulation of biofilm formation at different assimilable organic carbon concentrations under lower flow velocity condition", J. Basic Microbiol., Vol. 45, (2005),pp.475-485.

DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200510583

[11] J.M. Cappelier, B.Lazaro, A.Rossero, A. Femandez-Astorga, and M. Federighi, "double staining (CTC-DAPI) for detection and ceumeration of viable but non-culturable Campylobacter jejuni cells", Wat. Res. Vol. 28, (1997), pp.547-555.

DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2000.0366

[12] G. Schaule, H. C.Flemming, and H. F. Ridgway, "Use of 5-Cyano-2,3-Ditolyl Tetrazolium Chloride for quantifying planktonic and sessile respiring bacteria in drinking water", Appl. Environ. Microbiol. Vol. 59(11), (1993),pp.3850-3857.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.59.11.3850-3857.1993

[13] G. A. Gagnona, and R. M. Slawsonb, "An efficient biofilm removal method for bacterial cells exposed to drinking water", J. Microbiol. Methods,Vol. 34, (1999), p.203–214.

DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7012(98)00089-x

[14] B.M. Yang"Effect of disinfection on the bioactivity of biofilm", master thesis in Tajen University (1996)(in Chiness)

[15] G. G. Rodriguez, D. Phipps, K. Ishiguro, and H. Ridgway, "Use of a fluorescent redox probe for direct visualization of actively respiring bacteria", Appl. Environ. Microbiol,Vol. 58(6), (1992),pp.1801-1808.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.6.1801-1808.1992

[16] F. P. Yu, and A. McFeters, "Rapid in situ assessment of physiological activities in bacterial biofilm using fluoresecent probes", Microbiol. Methods,Vol. 20, (1994), pp.1-10.

[17] C. T.Huang, F. P. Yu, G. A. Mcfeters, and P. S. Stewart, "Nonuniform spatial patterns of respiratory activity within biofilms during disinfection". Appl. Envir. Microbiol,Vol. 61(6), (1995),pp.2252-2256.

DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.6.2252-2256.1995

[18] E. Van der Wende, W. G. Characklis, and D. B. Smith, "Biofilm and bacterial drinking water quality", Wat. Res. Vol. 23, (1989),pp.1313-1322.

DOI: 10.1016/0043-1354(89)90193-0

[19] N. B. Hallam, J. R. West, C. F. Forster, and J. Simms, "The poten for biofilm growth in water distribution systems", Wat. Res,Vol. 35(17), (2001),pp.4063-4071.

DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00248-2