Electrochemical Performance of a Water-Based LiFePO₄ Cathode for Li-Ion Batteries

Abstract:

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO₄) batteries have received much attention because they can provide higher power density with abundant raw materials, better safety, low toxicity, and high thermal stability. In general, the production of LiFePO₄ cathodes uses polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) as a binder and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) as a solvent. These components are expensive, toxic, and can adversely affect the environment. Therefore, to address these shortcomings, the solvent and binder were replaced in this study. The solvent in the current study is water. The water soluble binders employed in this study are carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Suitable electrode formulations were investigated to obtain high performance cylindrical Li-ion batteries. As a result, a formulation with a ratio of LiFePO₄:AB:KS6:SBR:CMC equal to 90:3:3:2.677:1.333 was used. It has a high specific discharge capacity, 120 mAh/g. This NMP-based cathode can yield about 145 mAh/g, which is slightly higher than a water-based LiFePO₄ cathode.

• Periodical: Defect and Diffusion Forum (Volume 417)
• Pages: 163-168
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-e956q1
• Online since: June 2022
• Authors: Araya Chanhaew, Komsak Aranmala, Luthfi Mursid Darmawan, Shofirul Sholikhatun Nisa, Anisa Raditya Nurohmah, Nonglak Meethong*
• Keywords: LiFePO₄, Li-Ion Batteries, Water-Based Cathode

References

[1] X. Liu, K. Li, X. Li, The Electrochemical Performance and Applications of Several Popular Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles - A Review, Springer Singapore, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2381-2.

[2] G. Zubi, R. Dufo-lópez, M. Carvalho, G. Pasaoglu, The lithium-ion battery : State of the art and future perspectives, 89 (2018) 292–308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.002.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.002

[3] F. Wu, X. Li, Z. Wang, H. Guo, Synthesis of chromium-doped lithium titanate microspheres as high-performance anode material for lithium ion batteries, Ceram. Int. 40 (2014) 13195–13204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.025.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.05.025

[4] S. Hymel, What is a Battery?, (n.d.). https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/what-is-a-battery/all.

[5] D. Deng, Li-ion batteries: Basics, progress, and challenges, Energy Sci. Eng. 3 (2015) 385–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.95.

DOI: 10.1002/ese3.95

[6] I.D. Johnson, M. Lübke, O.Y. Wu, N.M. Makwana, G.J. Smales, H.U. Islam, R.Y. Dedigama, R.I. Gruar, C.J. Tighe, D.O. Scanlon, F. Corà, D.J.L. Brett, P.R. Shearing, J.A. Darr, Pilot-scale continuous synthesis of a vanadium-doped LiFePO4/C nanocomposite high-rate cathodes for lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources. 302 (2016) 410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.068.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.10.068

[7] Q.Q. Xiong, J.J. Lou, X.J. Teng, X.X. Lu, S.Y. Liu, H.Z. Chi, Z.G. Ji, Controllable synthesis of N-C@LiFePO4 nanospheres as advanced cathode of lithium ion batteries, J. Alloys Compd. 743 (2018) 377–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.350.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.01.350

[8] I.D. Johnson, E. Blagovidova, P.A. Dingwall, D.J.L. Brett, P.R. Shearing, J.A. Darr, High power Nb-doped LiFePO4 Li-ion battery cathodes; pilot-scale synthesis and electrochemical properties, J. Power Sources. 326 (2016) 476–481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.128.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.06.128

[9] X. Dong, T.J. Jeong, E. Kline, L. Banks, E. Grulke, T. Harris, I.C. Escobar, Eco-friendly solvents and their mixture for the fabrication of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes: An investigation of doctor blade and slot die casting methods, J. Memb. Sci. 614 (2020) 118510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118510.

DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118510

[10] M. Wang, X. Dong, I.C. Escobar, Y.T. Cheng, Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes Made Using Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) - A Green Solvent, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 8 (2020) 11046–11051. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02884.

DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c02884

[11] J.C. Daigle, F. Barray, C. Gagnon, D. Clément, P. Hovington, H. Demers, A. Guerfi, K. Zaghib, Amphiphilic latex as a water-based binder for LiFePO4 cathode, J. Power Sources. 415 (2019) 172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.054.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.01.054

[12] F.Y. Tsai, J.H. Jhang, H.W. Hsieh, C.C. Li, Dispersion, agglomeration, and gelation of LiFePO4 in water-based slurry, J. Power Sources. 310 (2016) 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.003.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.02.003

[13] N. Aguiló-Aguayo, D. Hubmann, F.U. Khan, S. Arzbacher, T. Bechtold, Water-based slurries for high-energy LiFePO4 batteries using embroidered current collectors, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62553-3.

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62553-3