Strength and Durability of Paving Block with Seawater and POFA (Palm Oil Fuel Ash)

Abstract:

Seawater has the potential to replace fresh water in the production of concrete. Given the restricted availability of freshwater sources and the high cost of transportation, it is crucial to optimize this scenario. On the other hand, agricultural residue is a potential material that can replace cement-based materials, thereby reducing CO2 emissions. Sustainability in the concrete sector is important, hence, research on using alternative renewable resources such as palm oil fuel ash (POFA) for concrete production is necessary. POFA is an agricultural byproduct and industrial waste that is potentially used as a partial substitution for cement due to the presence of pozzolan. The objective of this study is to examine the impact of icluding POFA (Palm Oil Fuel Ash) as a substitute in the paving block, while also considering the influence of seawater mixing and curing water. Further, POFA is used as a supplementary binder for paving blocks at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% for Portland Composite Cement replacement. The paving blocks properties, such as workability, density, compressive strength, water absorption, and resistance to sulfate attack, were evaluated. The results of the tests confirmed that 10% POFA mixed with seawater and cured with freshwater met the minimum necessity for Class B, as specified by the Indonesian National Standard for parking park applications. As a result of incorporating POFA as a cement replacement, a more environmentally friendly paving block could be established.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1000)
• Pages: 11-22
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-K6EQUo
• Online since: December 2024
• Authors: Amry Dasar, Dahlia Patah*, Muhammad Akbar Caronge, Faisal Mahmuddin, Apriansyah Apriansyah
• Keywords: Palm Oil Fuel Ash, Parking Applications, Paving Block, Seawater

References

[1] D. Patah and A. Dasar, "The Impact of using Rice Husks Ash, Seawater and Sea Sand on Corrosion of Reinforcing Bars in Concrete," Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, pp.251-262, September, 2023.

DOI: 10.22146/jcef.6016

[2] D. Patah, A. Dasar, Apriansyah and M. A. Caronge, "Patah, D., Dasar, A., Apriansyah, & Caronge, M. A. (2023, July). Strength Development of Seawater Mixed and Cured Concrete with Various Replacement Ratios of Fly Ash," Materials Science Forum, vol. 1091, pp.111-118, 2023.

DOI: 10.4028/p-1ckry6

[3] A. Dasar, D. Patah, H. Hamada, Y. Sagawa and D. Yamamoto, "Applicability of seawater as a mixing and curing agent in 4-year-old concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 259, p.119692, 2020.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119692

[4] D. Patah, A. Dasar and A. Nurdin, "Durabilitas Baja Tulangan pada Beton Menggunakan Material Batu Gamping, Pasir Laut dan Air Laut dalam Campuran Beton," MEDIA KOMUNIKASI TEKNIK SIPIL, vol. 28, no. 1, pp.109-117, 2022.

DOI: 10.14710/mkts.v28i1.43380

[5] T. Nishida, N. Otsuki, H. Ohara, Z. M. Garba-Say and T. Nagata, "Some considerations for applicability of seawater as mixing water in concrete," Journal of Materials in Civil engineering, vol. 27, no. 7, p. B4014004, 2015.

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001006

[6] H. Sharon and K. Reddy, "A review of solar energy driven desalination technologies," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 41, pp.1080-1118, 2015.

DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.002

[7] Japan Concrete Institute, "Technical Committee on the Use of Sea Water in Concrete Committee Report: JCI-TC121A," JAPAN, 2014.

[8] JSCE, "JSCE Guidelines for Concrete: Standard Specification for Concrete Structure Materials and Construction," JAPAN, 2007.

[9] D. Patah and A. Dasar, "Strength Performance of Concrete Using Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM)," Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, pp.261-276, September, 2022.

DOI: 10.22146/jcef.3488

[10] A. A. Awal and I. A. Shehu, "Performance evaluation of concrete containing high volume palm oil fuel ash exposed to elevated temperature," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 76, pp.214-220, 2015.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.12.001

[11] N. O. Attoh-Okine and W. M. KIM RODDIS, "Uncertainties of asphalt layer thickness determination in flexible pavements-influence diagram approach," Civil Engineering Systems, vol. 15, no. 2, pp.107-124, 1998.

DOI: 10.1080/02630259808970233

[12] K. Gopalakrishnan and M. R. Thompson, "Simulated aircraft load testing and non-destructive evaluation of bituminous pavements," Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, vol. 25, no. 3, pp.215-225, 2008.

DOI: 10.1080/10286600801919789

[13] D. A. Grivas and Y.-C. Shen, "A fuzzy set approach for pavement damage assessments," Civil Engineering Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, pp.37-47, 1991.

DOI: 10.1080/02630259108970604

[14] H. Hengl, W. Kluger-Eigl, R. Blab and J. Füssl, "The performance of paving block structures with mortar filled joints under temperature loading, accessed by means of numerical simulations," Road Materials and Pavement Design, vol. 19, no. 7, pp.1575-1594, 2018.

DOI: 10.1080/14680629.2017.1330221

[15] J.-H. Tay, "Ash from oil-palm waste as a concrete material," Journal of Materials in Civil engineering, vol. 2, no. 2, pp.94-105, 1990.

DOI: 10.1061/(asce)0899-1561(1990)2:2(94)

[16] J. -H. Tay and K. -Y. Show, "Use of ash derived from oil-palm waste incineration as a cement replacement material," Resources, conservation and recycling, vol. 13, no. 1, pp.27-36, 1995.

DOI: 10.1016/0921-3449(94)00012-t

[17] A. I. Bashar, U. J. Alengaram, M. Z. Jumaat and A. Islam, "The effect of variation of molarity of alkali activator and fine aggregate content on the compressive strength of the fly ash: palm oil fuel ash based geopolymer mortar," Advances in Materials Science and Engineering, 2014.

DOI: 10.1155/2014/245473

[18] Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN), SNI 03-0691-1989: Bata Beton (Paving Block), 1996.

[19] M. H. Ahmad, R. C. Omar, M. A. Malek, N. M. Noor and S. Thiruselvam, "Compressive strength of palm oil fuel ash concrete. In Proceedings of the international conference on construction and building technology," in In Proceedings of the international conference on construction and building, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, June, 2008.

[20] K. Muthusamy, N. Zamri, N. Ghazali, S. M. S. Mohsin and A. Kusbiantoro, "Compressive strength and density of oil palm shell lightweight aggregate concrete containing palm oil fuel ash under different curing regime," in Proceedings of 2015 International Conference on Innovations in Civil and Structural Engineering, June 2015.

DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.142

[21] S. Mayooran, S. Ragavan and N. Sathiparan, "Comparative study on open air burnt low-and high-carbon rice husk ash as partial cement replacement in cement block production," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 13, pp.137-145, 2017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2017.07.011

[22] D. M. Sadek, M. M. El-Attar and A. M. Ali, "Physico-mechanical and durability characteristics of concrete paving blocks incorporating cement kiln dust," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 157, pp.300-312, 2017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.107

[23] N. Chusilp, C. Jaturapitakkul and K. Kiattikomol, "Utilization of bagasse ash as a pozzolanic material in concrete," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23, no. 11, pp.3352-3358, 2009.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.06.030

[24] G. A. Habeeb and H. B. Mahmud, "Study on properties of rice husk ash and its use as cement replacement material," Materials research, vol. 13, pp.185-190, 2010.

DOI: 10.1590/s1516-14392010000200011

[25] A. S. Muntohar and M. E. Rahman, "Lightweight masonry block from oil palm kernel shell," Construction and Building Materials, vol. 54, pp.477-484, 2014.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.12.087

[26] M. E. Rahman, A. L. Boon, A. S. Muntohar, M. N. H. Tanim and V. Pakrashi, "Performance of masonry blocks incorporating palm oil fuel ash," Journal of cleaner production, vol. 78, pp.195-201, 2014.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.067

[27] V. Kodur, "Properties of concrete at elevated temperatures," International Scholarly Research Notices, 2014.