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Effect of Waste Type and Bio-Resin Addition on Flexural Strength of Constructional Composites: A Full Factorial Experimental Design Study

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Abstract:

Rapid urbanization, economic expansion and population growth have led to a significant increase in global solid waste production, which threatens ecosystems, depletes natural resources, and negatively affects human health. Textile waste has reached 150 million tons per year and constitutes a significant portion of this growing waste stream. At this point, interest in the use of recycled materials as an alternative raw material has increased, and composite materials have emerged as a promising area for the evaluation of textile waste, offering sustainable solutions for resource recovery and waste management. In this study, hybrid composites are developed by introducing various fibrous waste groups (denim and human hair) and bio-resin (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil, AESO) to E-glass reinforced epoxy composites, and the effects of waste type and bio-resin addition on the flexural strengths of the structures are examined using a full factorial experimental design. In this regard, three different sandwich structures are designed, with the outer layers made of E-glass woven fabric and the middle layers made of either E-glass fabric for control samples or different waste groups, and the productions are carried out using the vacuum infusion method. Pure epoxy or an epoxy system with 30% AESO additive is used as matrix material. Statistical results indicate that reinforcement type has a huge effect on the flexural properties individually and in binary interactions of of other factors. The performance results show that the flexural strength is improved with addition of waste regardless of their type and the best flexural properties are seen in samples with denim waste reinforcement containing cotton fiber, while the addition of AESO appears to have a negative effect. The composite structures developed within this study have the potential to replace particle boards, thus contributing to solid waste management and producing innovative solutions to resource scarcity.

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Periodical:

Key Engineering Materials (Volume 1046)

Pages:

61-67

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.4028/p-JIcl1p

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Online since:

March 2026

Authors:

Hande Sezgin*, Ipek Yalcin-Enis

Keywords:

Composites, Denim Waste, Flexural Strength, Glass Fabric, Human Hair, Textile Waste

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© 2026 Trans Tech Publications Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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