Grafting of Silica Particles with Linoleic Acid via Modified Stober’s Method for Preconcenrtration of Pesticides in Drinking Water

Abstract:

The extensive use of pesticides in agricultur has raised toxicity level in environment because of their mutagenic and carcinogenic activity. A sensitive technique is needed to develop for the detection of pesticides to get high sensitivity and selectivity in complex matrices. Modified Stober‘s method was used for the synthesis of pure SiO₂ particles and grafted by linoleic acid. Grafted SiO₂ were examined for its capability as a sorbent for removal and preconcentration of four organochlorine pesticides i.e. endrin, dieldrin, aldrin and DDT. The particles of SiO₂ undergo hydrophobic interaction with linoleic acid by grafting. Both pure SiO₂ and linoleic acid grafted SiO₂ particles were characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD. FTIR confirmed the grafting of SiO₂ with linoleic acid. XRD and SEM results showed monodispersed and spherical SiO₂ particles. The evaluation of grafted SiO₂ was carried out by spiking organochlorine pesticides in drinking water. The grafted SiO₂ particles could be used as a sorbent in solid phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography with reverse phase C18 column with aqueous acetonitrile as a mobile phase with ultraviolet detector at 224 nm. The percent recoveries for aldrin, dieldin, endrin and DDT were 81, 52, 60 and 91%, respectively.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 778)
• Pages: 316-324
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.778.316
• Online since: September 2018
• Authors: Sadia Atta, Mehreen Fatima, Atif Islam*, Nafisa Gull, Misbah Sultan
• Keywords: HPLC, Linoleic Acid, Pesticides, Silica, Solid Phase Extraction

References

[1] B. Gorji, M.R. Allahgholi, R. Fazaeli, N. Niksirat, Synthesis and characterizations of silica nanoparticles by a new sol-gel method, J. Appl. Chem. Resear., 6 (2012) 22-26.

[2] I. Sowa, M.W. Kosior, K. Rokicka, R. Kocjan, G. Szymczak, Application of solid phase extraction with the use of silica modified with polyanilinefilm for pretreatment of samples from plant material before HPLC determination of triterpenic acids, Talanta 122 (2014).

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.039

[3] V. Govindaraj, D. Mech, G. Pandey, R. Nagarajan, J.S.K. Sanwai, Kinetics of methane hydrate formation in the presence of activated carbon and nano-silica suspensions in pure water, J. Nat. Sci. Engineer., 26 (2015) 810-818.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jngse.2015.07.011

[4] U. Ali, J.H. Syed, R.N. Malik, A. Katsoyiannis, J. Li, G. Zhang, C.K. Jones, Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in South Asian region: A review, Sci. Total Environ., 476-477 (2014) 705-717.

DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.107

[5] L.A. Akkermans, J.D. Bercken, M.V. Helder, Excitatory and depressant effects of dieldrin and aldrin-transdiol in the spinal cord of the toad (Xenopus laevis). Eur. J. Pharmacol., 34 (1975) 133-142.

DOI: 10.1016/0014-2999(75)90233-2

[6] J. Michałowicz, K. Mokra, K. Rosiak, P. Sicinska, B. Bukowska, Chlorobenzenes, lindane and dieldrin induce apoptotic alterations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (in vitro study), Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 36 (2013) 979-988.

DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.08.014

[7] A.H. Stern, Hazard identification of the potential for dieldrin carcinogenicity to humans. Environ. Res., 131 (2014) 188-214.

DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.007

[8] M.H. Mashhadizadeh, M. Pesteh, M. Talakesh, I. Sheikhshoaie, M.M. Ardakani, M.A. Karimi, Solid phase extraction of copper (II) by sorption on octadecyl silica membrane disk modified with a new Schiff base and determination with atomic absorption spectrometry. Spectrochim. Act. B, 63 (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.sab.2008.03.018

[9] G. Valencia, T.G. Llasera, Determination of organophosphorus pesticides in bovine tissue by an on-line coupled matrix solid-phase dispersion-solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection method. J. Chromatogr. A, 39 (2011).

DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.011

[10] H. Farahani, Y. Yamini, S. Shariati, M.K. Zanjani, S.M. Baghahi, Development of liquid phase microextraction method based on solidification of floated organic drop for extraction and preconcentration of organochlorine pesticides in water samples, Anal. Chim. Act., 626 (2008).

DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.001

[11] Y. Pico, M. Fernandez, M.J. Ruiz, G. Font, Current trends in solid-phase-based extraction techniques for the determination of pesticides in food and environment, J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth., 70 (2007) 117-131.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.010

[12] L. Zhao, H.K. Lee, Application of static liquid-phase microextraction to the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in water, J. Chromatogr., A 919 (2001) 381-388.

DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00816-0

[13] A. Rodrigues, V. Ferreira, V.V. Cardoso, E. Ferreira, M.J. Benoliel, Determination of several pesticides in water by solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography and electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 1150 (2007) 267–278.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.09.083

[14] Momplaisira GM, Rosal CG, Heithmar EM, Varner KE, Riddick LA, Bradford DF, Halsell NT. Development of a solid phase extraction method for agricultural pesticides in large-volume water samples, Talanta., 81 (2010) 1380-1386.

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.02.038

[15] A.M. Geller, F.C. Stedile, M.R. Peralba, T.M. Pizzolato, J.D. Santos, Evaluation of zirconocene-based silica phases in organochloride pesticides preconcentration, J. Coll. Interf. Sci., 299 (2006) 163-171.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.01.054

[16] X. Yue, S. Feng, S. Li, Y. Jing, C.. Shao, Bromopropyl functionalized silica nanofibers for effective removal of trace level dieldrin from water, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 406 (2012) 44-51.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.04.047

[17] Q. Zhoua, Y. Gao, H. Bai, G. Xie, Preconcentration sensitive determination of pyrethroid insecticides in environmental water samples with solid phase extraction with SiO2 microspheres cartridge prior to high performance liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 1217 (2010).

DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.060

[18] S. Chen, K. Sui, L. Chen, J.A. Pojman, Polyurethane nanosilica hybrid nanocomposites synthesized by frontal polymerization, J. Poly. Sci., 43 (2005) 1670-1680.

DOI: 10.1002/pola.20628

[19] A. Zhu, A. Cai, J. Zhang, H. Jia, J. Wang, PMMA-grafted-silica/PVC nanocomposites: Mechanical performance and barrier properties, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 108 (2008) 2189-2196.

DOI: 10.1002/app.27863

[20] C.S. Reddy, C.K. Das, M. Narkis, Propylene-ethylene copolymer nanocomposites: Epoxy resin grafted nanosilica as a reinforcing filler, Polym. Compos., 26 (2005) 806812.

DOI: 10.1002/pc.20145

[21] M.P. Sharma, G. Sadanandam, A. Ratnamala, V.D. Kumari, M. Subrahmanyam, An efficient and novel porous nanosilica supported TiO2 photocatalyst for pesticide degradation using solar light, J. Hazard. Mater., 171 (2009) 626-633.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.06.040

[22] C.R.M. Vigna, L.S.R. Morais, C.H. Collins, I.C.S.F. Jardim, Poly(methyloctylsiloxane) immobilized on silia as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of some pesticides, J. Chromatogr. A, 1114 (2006) 211-215.

DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.03.034

[23] L.S. Santos, N.S. Souza, J.A. Ferreira, A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method combined with matrix solid-phase dispersion extraction for the determination of teflubenzuron, lufenuron and bifenthrin residues in lyophilized coconut water, J. Food Comp. Anal., 26 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2012.03.007

[24] Y.A. Degs, M.A. Ghouti, A.E. Sheikh, Simultaneous determination of pesticides at trace levels in water using multiwalled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extractant and multivariate calibration, J. Hazard. Mater., 169 (2009) 128-135.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.065

[25] X. Mao, Y. Wan, A. Yan, M. Shen, Y. Wei, Simultaneous determination of organophosphorous, organochlorine, pyrethroid and carbamate pesticides in Radix astragali by microwave-assisted extraction/dispersive-solid phase extraction coupled with GC–MS, Talanta., 97 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.04.007

[26] G.M. Momplaisira, C.G. Rosal, E.M. Heithmar, K.E. Varner, L.A. Riddick, D.F. Bradford, N.T. Halsell, Development of a solid phase extraction method for agricultural pesticides in large-volume water samples. Talanta., 81 (2010) 1380-1386.

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.02.038

[27] D. Archivio, A.A. Fanelli, M. Mazzeo, P. Ruggieri, R. Fabrizio, Comparison of different sorbents for multiresidue solid-phase extraction of 16 pesticides from groundwater coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography, Talanta., 71 (2007).

DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.03.016

[28] W. Huang, X.L. Fang, Z. Lu, Reinforcement of polysiloxane with superhydrophobic nanosilica, J. Mater. Sci., 44 (2004) 4522-4530.

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-009-3660-z

[29] Z. Li, Y. Zhu, Surface-modification of SiO2 nanoparticles with oleic acid, Appl. Surf. Sci. 211 (2003) 315-320.

DOI: 10.1016/s0169-4332(03)00259-9

[30] K.W.J. Wahle, S.D. Heys, D. Rotondo, Conjugated linoleic acids: Are they beneficial or detrimental to health, Prog. Lipid Res., 43 (2004) 553-587.

DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.08.002

[31] O.I. Lebedev, G.V. Tendeloo, O. Collart, P. Cool, E.F. Vansant, Structure and microstructure of nanoscale mesoporous silica spheres, Solid State Sci., 6 (2004) 489-498.

DOI: 10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2004.01.013

[32] H. Xu, F. Yan, E.E. Monson, R. Kopelman, Room temperature preparation and characterization of poly(ethyleneglycol)coated silica nanoparticles for biomedical applications, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A, 66 (2003) 870-879.

DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.10057

[33] E. Grimvall, C.O. Stman, Retention characteristics of some selected halogenated environmental pollutants in silica and bonded normal phase liquid chromatography, J. Chromatogr. A, 675 (1995) 55-64.

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)85260-x

[34] B. Aldona, S. Valdas, K. Marytė, J. Remigijus, K. Aivaras, FTIR, TEM and NMR investigations of Stöber Silica Nanoparticles, Mater. Sci., 10 (2004) 287-290.

[35] A.V. Helden, J.W. Jansen, A. Vrij, Preparation and characterization of spherical monodisperse silica dispersions in nonaqueous solvents, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 81 (1981) 354-368.

DOI: 10.1016/0021-9797(81)90417-3

[36] K.S. Rao, K.E. Hami, T. Kodaki, K. Matsushige, K. Makino, A novel method for synthesis of silica nanoparticles, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 289 (2005) 125-131.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2005.02.019

[37] G.H. Bogush, M.A. Tracy, C.F. Zukoski, Preparation of monodisperse silica particles: Control of size and mass fraction, J. Non-Cryst. Solid., 104 (1988) 95-106.

DOI: 10.1016/0022-3093(88)90187-1

[38] I.D. Grice, M. Salzmann, I. Stiff, L.R. Griffith, Simultaneous determination of Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Heptachlor and p,p'-DDT in medicinal plant extracts using novel high performance liquid chromatography method, J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol., 22 (1999).

DOI: 10.1081/jlc-100101805