Effect of Nano-Carbon on Geotechnics Features of Gypseous Soils

Abstract:

A Collapsing soil usually causes problems, this kind of soil has a substantial strength while it is dry, but it loses its strength while inundating and be subjected to extreme settlement. It is impossible to predict in advance the reactions of soils subjected to inundating (i.e. landslide otherwise an important soil settlement). The reduction in irreversible volumes of collapsing soil happens quickly as well as suddenly, once the reduction starts there will be no measurement to be executed which could halt such difficulty. As a result of the soak and leach that are resulting from the dissolute and clean out of gypsum, the collapsing potentials increase during the time. There are many studies in this field that indicated the possibility of modifying this soil by using nanomaterials. In this study, the nanomaterial used is nanocarbon and the soil is gypseous soil taken from Al-Najaf city in Iraq. This work studies the effect of adding nanomaterials on the gypseous soil and investigates its behavior before and after adding nanomaterial. The results showed that adding the nanocarbon affects the collapse potential which decreases by a percent meanwhile the soil cohesion decreased partly when the nanocarbon is added with 0.8% but the friction angle increased about 19%. The best proportion of using of the nanocarbon ranges between 0.8-1.2%.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 895)
• Pages: 20-30
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.895.20
• Online since: August 2021
• Authors: Asaad M.B. Al-Gharrawi*, Assad Layth Hayal, Mohammed Y. Fattah
• Keywords: Collapse Potential, Direct Shear, Gypseous Soil, Nano-Carbon

References

[1] Al-Mufty, A. & Nashat, I., (2000), Gypsum Content Determination in Gypseous Soils and Rocks,, 3rd International Jordanian Conference on Mining, Vol. 2, Amman, Jordan, pp.485-492.

[2] Assadi-Langroudi, A., Jefferson, I., (2013). Collapsibility in Calcareous Clayey Loess: a Factor of Stress-hydraulic History,, International Journal of Geomate 5 (1), pp. 620e627.

DOI: 10.21660/2013.9.62312

[3] ASTM D5333 (2003), Standard Test Method for Measurement of Collapse Potential of Soils,. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.04.08, Philadelphia, PA, ASTM, USA. Copyright, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

DOI: 10.1002/ep.670180104

[4] ASTM D854 (2010), Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer1,. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.04.08, Philadelphia, ASTM, USA. Copyright, ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

DOI: 10.1002/ep.670180104

[5] ASTM standard D-422, 2007: Standard Test Methods for Particle-size Analysis of Soils,. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

[6] ASTM D4253-16. Standard Test Method for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table,, ASTM.

[7] ASTM D4254-16. Standard Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density,, ASTM.

DOI: 10.1520/d4254-00r06e01

[8] ASTM D1556-15, Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-Cone Method,, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

[9] ASTM D3080-07. Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained Conditions,, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

DOI: 10.1520/d3080_d3080m

[10] BS 1377 - 1990: Methods of Testing Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes". Clemence, S.P., and Finbarr, A.O. (1981). "Design Considerations for Collapsible Soils,, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol. 107, GT3, pp.305-317.

DOI: 10.1061/ajgeb6.0001102

[11] Beckwith and Hansen,( 1989). Characterization of a Site Underlain by Deep Collapsing Soils, ASCE Library.

[12] Clemence, S. P., and Finbarr, A. O., (1981), Design Considerations for Collapsible Soils,, Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE. Vol. 107, No. GT3, Proc. Paper, 16106. ed. 1981. pp.305-317.

DOI: 10.1061/ajgeb6.0001102

[13] Day, R.W., 2001. Soil Testing Manual. 1st Edn., McGraw- Hill, New York, ISBN: 0-07-136363-7.

[14] Fattah, M. Y., Al-Ani, M. M., Al-Lamy, M. T. A., (2013), Treatment of Collapse of Gypseous Soils by Grouting,, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, Ground Improvement Journal, UK,.

DOI: 10.1680/grim.11.00020

[15] Fattah, M. Y., Al-Ani, M. M., Al-Lamy, M. T. A., (2015), Wetting and Drying Collapse Behavior of Collapsible Gypseous Soils Treated by Grouting,, Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 8, No. 4, p.2035–2049, DOI 10.1007/s12517-014-1329-7, Springer.

DOI: 10.1007/s12517-014-1329-7

[16] Fattah, M. Y., Dawood, B. A., (2020), Time-Dependent Collapse Potential of Unsaturated Collapsible Gypseous Soils,, World Journal of Engineering, Vol. 17 No. 2, pp.283-294.,.

DOI: 10.1108/wje-09-2019-0276

[17] Jennings, J. and Knight, K. (1975), A guide to construction on or with materials exhibiting additional settlement due to collapse of grain structure,, Proceedings of 6th Regional Conference for Africa on soil mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Durban, South Africa, pp.99-105.

[18] Lutenegger, A. J. and Hallberg, G. R. (1988). Stability of Loess,, Engineering Geology, 25, pp.247-261.

DOI: 10.1016/0013-7952(88)90030-0

[19] Singh, S. (2017), Microstructural Analysis of Clay after Treatment with Terrasil – A Nano Chemical,, International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 8, Issue 12, pp.42-47.

[20] Rizvi, S., RientieS B., & R Olli .(2018). Investigation of temporal dynamics I n MOOC Learning at the AIED 2018:Artificial Intelligence in education, London.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93846-2_99

[21] M. A. Taha, N. A. E‐Mahallawy, T. M. Mousa, R. M. Hamouda, A. F. A. G. Yousef. (2012). Microstructure and castability of lead‐free silicon brass alloys.

DOI: 10.1002/mawe.201200932

[22] M.S. Nouaouria ⁎, M. Guenfoud, B. Lafifi. (2008) . Engineering properties of loess in Algeria, Science Direct Engineering Geology 99 (2008) 85–90.

DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.01.013

[23] Andre Nel, Tian Xia, Lutz Madler, Ning L.(2006). Toxic Potential of Materials at the Nano level. , Science 311,622.

[24] Zaid Hameed Majeed and Mohd Raihan Taha. (2013). A Review of Stabilization of Soils by using Nanomaterials. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(2): 576-581.