Acetylation of Aspen and Alder Wood - Preliminary Tests

Abstract:

An experimental study of the physical and mechanical properties of untreated and acetylated wood was conducted. The effect of acetylation on wood density was investigated. It was established that the density of the samples generally decreases after acetylation. As the level of acetylation increases, the fiber saturation point decreases in both conifers and hardwoods. Acetylation of wood helps to reduce the sorption properties of wood. The amount of swelling was analyzed. For untreated wood (aspen and alder), the volume swelling index is at the level of 7.5 %. Acetylation contributes to the stability of the geometric dimensions of structures, as the volume swelling index for aspen decreased by 4 times, for alder – by 2 times. An increase in the amount of swelling along the fibers is observed in all samples. Regarding the nature of the destruction of the samples during compression, the aspen (both untreated and acetylated) only crumples without visible signs of destruction. In some samples of alder, partial exfoliation is visible. It was found that acetylation has an ambiguous effect on the mechanical properties of wood of both species.

• Periodical: Key Engineering Materials (Volume 986)
• Pages: 45-52
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-d9fYLX
• Online since: August 2024
• Authors: Oleksandra Horbachova*, Nataliia Buiskykh, Serhii Mazurchuk, Vasyl Lomaha
• Keywords: Acetylation, Compressive Strength, Dimensional Stability, Modification, Moisture Absorption, Wood

References

[1] L. Wang, A. Toppinen, H. Juslin, Use of wood in green building: a study of expert perspectives from the UK, J Clean Prod. 65 (2014) 350–361.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.08.023

[2] H. Milner, A. Woodard, Sustainability of engineered wood products, Civil and Structural Engineering. (2016) 159–180.

[3] L. Wagner, C. Bos, T.K. Bader, K. De Borst, Effect of water on the mechanical properties of wood cell walls-results of a nanoindentation Study, BioResources. 10 (2015) 4011–4025.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.3.4011-4025

[4] E.E. Thybring, M., Kymäläinen, L. Rautkari, Moisture in modified wood and its relevance for fungal decay, iForest Biogeosci. 11 (2018) 418–422.

DOI: 10.3832/ifor2406-011

[5] E.E. Thybring, M. Fredriksson, Wood modification as a tool to understand moisture in wood, Forests. 12 (2021) 372.

DOI: 10.3390/f12030372

[6] Y. Tsapko, R. Likhnyovskyi, O. Horbachova, S. Mazurchuk, A. Tsapko, K. Sokolenko, A. Matviichuk, M. Sukhanevych, Identifying parameters for wood protection against water absorption, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 6/10(120) (2022) 71–81.

DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2022.268286

[7] E. Keržič, B. Lesar, M. Humar, Influence of Weathering on Surface Roughness of Thermally Modified Wood, BioResources. 16(3) (2021) 4675–4692.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.16.3.4675-4692

[8] Y. Tsapko, O. Horbachova, S. Mazurchuk, Establishment of regularities of the influence of polymeric shell on wood biodegradation, Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science. 12(4) 2021 50–63.

DOI: 10.31548/forest2021.04.005

[9] B. Arminger, J. Jaxel, M. Bacher, W. Gindl-Altmutter, C. Hansmann, On the drying behavior of natural oils used for solid wood finishing, Progress in Organic Coatings. 148 (2020) 105831.

DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2020.105831

[10] K. Candelier, M. F. Thevenon, A. Petrissans, S. Dumarca, P. Gerardin, M. Petrissans, Control of wood thermal treatment and its effects on decay resistance: A review, Annals of Forest Science. 73 (2016) 571–583.

DOI: 10.1007/s13595-016-0541-x

[11] O. Espinoza, U. Buehlmann, M.F. Laguarda-Mallo, Thermally modified wood: Marketing strategies of U.S. producers, BioResources. 10(4) (2015) 6942–6952.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.10.4.6942-6952

[12] E. Roszyk, E. Stachowska, J. Majka, P. Mania, M. Broda, Moisture-dependent strength properties of thermally modified Fraxinus excelsior wood in compression, Materials. 13(7) (2020) 1647.

DOI: 10.3390/ma13071647

[13] Y. Tsapko, O. Horbachova, S. Mazurchuk, O. Bondarenko, Study of the efficiency of the adhesive layer for production from thermomodified wood, AIP Conference Proceedings. 2490(1) (2023) 050008.

DOI: 10.1063/5.0124507

[14] J.J. Weiland, R. Guyonnet, Study of chemical modifications and fungi degradation of thermally modified wood using DRIFT spectroscopy, Holz Roh Werkst. 61(3) (2003) 216–220.

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-003-0364-y

[15] M. Hakkou, M. Pétrissans, P. Gérardin, A. Zoulalian, Investigation of the reasons for fungal durability of heat-treated beech wood, Polym Degrad Stabil. 91(2) 2006 393–397.

DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.042

[16] Y. Tsapko, O. Horbachova, S. Mazurchuk, А. Tsapko, K. Sokolenko, A. Matviichuk, Determining Patterns In Reducing The Level Of Bio-Destruction Ofthermally Modified Timber After Applying Protective Coatings, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies. 5(10-113) (2021) 48–55.

DOI: 10.15587/1729-4061.2021.242899

[17] G. Mantanis, Chemical modification of wood by acetylation or furfurylation: a review of the present scaled-up technologies, BioResources. 12(3) (2017) 4478–4489.

DOI: 10.15376/biores.12.2.mantanis

[18] A. Sandak, E. Földvári-Nagy, F. Poohphajai, R.H. Diaz, O. Gordobil, N. Sajinčič, V. Ponnuchamy, J. Sandak, Hybrid Approach for Wood Modification: Characterization and Evaluation of Weathering Resistance of Coatings on Acetylated Wood, Coatings. 11 (2021) 658.

DOI: 10.3390/coatings11060658

[19] J. Sandak, A. Sandak, I. Burud, Modelling of weathering, Performance of Bio-based Building Materials. (2017) 502–510.

[20] G. Beck, S. Strohbusch, E. Larnшy, H. Militz, C. Hill, Accessibility of hydroxyl groups in anhydride modified wood as measured by deuterium exchange and saponification, Holzforschung. 72 (2017) 17–23.

DOI: 10.1515/hf-2017-0059

[21] G. Grüll, F. Tscherne, I. Spitaler, B. Forsthuber, Comparison of wood coating durability in natural weathering and artificial weathering using fluorescent UV-lamps and water, Eur. J. WoodProd. 72 (2014) 367–376.

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-014-0791-y

[22] S. Himmel, C. Mai, Effects of acetylation and formalization on the dynamic water vapour sorption behaviour of wood, Holzforschung. 69(5) (2015) 633–643.

DOI: 10.1515/hf-2014-0161

[23] C.-M. Popescu, C.A.S. Hill, The water vapour sorption behaviour of acetylated birch wood: How acetylation affects the sorption isotherm and accessible hydroxyl content, Journal of Materials Science. 49(5) (2014).

DOI: 10.1007/s10853-013-7937-x

[24] D. Jones, C. Hill, M. Šernek, Wood modification – A brief overview of the technology, Materials Science. (2007) 1–9.

[25] R.M. Rowell, Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites. 2nd Ed., CRC Press; Taylor and Francis Group, Boca Raton, Florida, USA, 2012, p.703.

[26] F. Bongers, J. Alexander, J. Marcroft, D. Crawford, R. Hairstans, Structural design with Accoya wood, International Wood Products Journal. 4(3) 2013 172–176.

DOI: 10.1179/2042645313y.0000000041

[27] P. Larsson-Brelid, Benchmarking and state-of-the-art report for modified wood, SP Report №54, Swedish Institute of Wood Technology SP, Stockholm, Sweden, (2013) 1–31.

[28] J. Guo, C. Wang, C. Li, Y. Liu, Effect of Acetylation on the Physical and Mechanical Performances of Mechanical Densified Spruce Wood, Forests. 13(10) (2022) 1620.

DOI: 10.3390/f13101620

[29] W.J. Homan, A.J.M. Jorissen, Wood modification developments, Heron. 49(4) (2004) 361–385.

[30] A. Papadopoulos, G. Pougioula, Mechanical behaviour of pine wood chemically modified with a homologous series of linear chain carboxylic acid anhydrides, Bioresource Technology. 101(15) (2010) 6147-50.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.02.079

[31] ISO 13061-2:2014 EN Physical and mechanical properties of wood – Test methods for small clear wood specimens – Part 2: Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests.

DOI: 10.3403/30406123u

[32] ISO 13061-13:2024 Physical and mechanical properties of wood – Test methods for small clear wood specimens – Part 13: Determination of radial and tangential shrinkage.

DOI: 10.3403/30406123

[33] BS EN 13183-1:2002 Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber. Determination by oven dry method.

DOI: 10.3403/02558468u

[34] DIN EN 408:2010 Timber Structures – Structural Timber And Glued Laminated Timber – Determination Of Some Physical And Mechanical Properties.

DOI: 10.3403/30159970

[35] A. Murr, Water vapour sorption and moisture transport in and across fibre direction of wood, Cellulose. 29 (2022) 4135–4152.

DOI: 10.1007/s10570-022-04520-x

[36] R. Simonson, R.M. Rowell, A new process for the continuous acetylation of wood fiber, 5th Pacific Rim Bio-Based Composite Symp. P.D. Evans, ed. Canberra, Australia. (2000). 190–196.

[37] Y. Tsapko, O. Horbachova, Use of a polymer shell of thermally modified wood to establish moisture diffusion patterns, Ukrainian Journal of Forest and Wood Science. 12(1) (2021) 41–47.

DOI: 10.31548/forest2021.01.005

[38] A. Pichette, X. Huang, D. Kocaefe, Y. Kocaefe, Combined effect of acetylation and heat treatment on the physical, mechanical and biological behavior of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) wood, European Journal of Wood and Wood Products. 76 (2018) 525–540.

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-017-1232-5

[39] H. Yin, R. Ringman, M.S. Moghaddam, M. Tuominen, A. Dėdinaitė, M. Wålinder, A. Swerin, S. Bardage, Susceptibility of surface-modified superhydrophobic wood and acetylated wood to mold and blue stain fungi, Progress in Organic Coatings. 182 (2023) 107628.

DOI: 10.1016/j.porgcoat.2023.107628

[40] A. Fojutowski, A. Koziróg, A. Kropacz, A. Noskowiak, The susceptibility of some acetylated hardwood species to mould fungi attack – An attempt to objectify the assessment, International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation. 86B (2014) 60–65.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.08.007

[41] A.M.Y. Baufleur, D.M. Stangerlin, F.N. Gouveia, A.S.V.S. da SILVA, J.R.V. de OLIVEIRA, M.F. da SILVEIRA, A.S. Pimenta, R.R. de MELO, Resistance of acetylated Jacaranda copaia wood to termites and decaying fungi attack, Acta Amazonica. 52(3) (2022) 264–269.

DOI: 10.1590/1809-4392202200832