Factorial Analysis of Xylanase and Cellulase Production from Pineapple Peel Waste

Abstract:

Pineapple wastes (skin, core and crown) are mainly composed of carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin). Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in feed are indigestible by the endogenous enzymes in poultry. Thus, exogenous enzymes (xylanase and cellulase) are required to overcome this problem. Due to high fiber content, pineapple wastes are unsuitable for animal feed. However, the fermented waste juice could be used to produce enzymes. The objective of this study is to produce xylanase and cellulase from the fermentation of pineapple waste using Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) bacteria inoculated from probiotic drink. The fermentation was performed using different screening parameters (incubation time, temperature, pH value and substrate concentration) according to Two-Level Full Factorial Design (FFD) by Design Expert. From this study, the incubation temperature and substrate concentration had the highest influence on the xylanase activity (39.82 U/mL) while the fermentation time and substrate concentration mostly affected the cellulase activity (8.05 U/mL). Meanwhile, the pH had the least influence on both enzyme activities. The pineapple waste at its best fermentation parameters not only offers an economical way of high enzyme production but also alleviates the agricultural waste disposal issue. Further optimization of the pineapple waste fermentation parameters is required though to maximize enzyme production.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1069)
• Pages: 241-253
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-4ewmy1
• Online since: August 2022
• Authors: Pavethra Sivanesan, Zatul Iffah Mohd Arshad, Jun Haslinda Haji Shariffuddin, Nasratun Masngut, Norazwina Zainol, Shalyda Md Shaarani*
• Keywords: Cellulase, Fermentation, Pineapple Waste, Poultry Supplement, Xylanase

References

[1] M. Mohd Ali, N. Hashim, S. Abd Aziz, and O. Lasekan, Pineapple (Ananas comosus): A comprehensive review of nutritional values, volatile compounds, health benefits, and potential food products,, Food Res. Int., vol. 137, p.109675, Nov. 2020,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109675

[2] S. P. Santoso et al., Atmospheric cold plasma-assisted pineapple peel waste hydrolysate detoxification for the production of bacterial cellulose,, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 175, p.526–534, Apr. 2021,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.01.169

[3] L. Seguí and P. Fito Maupoey, An integrated approach for pineapple waste valorisation. Bioethanol production and bromelain extraction from pineapple residues,, J. Clean. Prod., vol. 172, p.1224–1231, Jan. 2018,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.284

[4] C. Stefanello et al., Effects of energy, α-amylase, and β-xylanase on growth performance of broiler chickens,, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., vol. 225, p.205–212, Mar. 2017,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.019

[5] A. Raza, S. Bashir, and R. Tabassum, An update on carbohydrases: growth performance and intestinal health of poultry,, Heliyon, vol. 5, no. 4. Elsevier Ltd, Apr. 01, 2019,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01437

[6] B. K. Ojha, P. K. Singh, and N. Shrivastava, Enzymes in the animal feed industry,, in Enzymes in Food Biotechnology: Production, Applications, and Future Prospects, Academic Press, 2018, p.93–109.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813280-7.00007-4

[7] Wenger Feeds, Enzymes in Poultry Feed,, 2021. https://www.wengerfeeds.com/enzymes-in-poultry-feed/ (accessed Apr. 15, 2021).

[8] U. Gadde, W. H. Kim, S. T. Oh, and H. S. Lillehoj, Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review,, 2021,.

DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000207

[9] S. Uzuner and D. Cekmecelioglu, Enzymes in the beverage industry,, in Enzymes in Food Biotechnology: Production, Applications, and Future Prospects, Elsevier, 2018, p.29–43.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813280-7.00003-7

[10] J. Singh, D. Kundu, M. Das, and R. Banerjee, Enzymatic processing of juice from fruits/vegetables: An emerging trend and cutting edge research in food biotechnology,, in Enzymes in Food Biotechnology: Production, Applications, and Future Prospects, Elsevier, 2018, p.419–432.

DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813280-7.00024-4

[11] P. Fernandes, Enzymatic Processing in the Food Industry,, in Reference Module in Food Science, Elsevier, (2018).

[12] Y. Heryandi, Adrizal, N. Ningsih, and M. E. Mahata, Carcass characteristics and organ development of broilers fed fermented pineapple peel [Ananas comosus (L.) merr] waste using a local microorganism solution derived from bamboo sprouts,, Int. J. Poult. Sci., vol. 17, no. 5, p.229–233, 2018,.

DOI: 10.3923/ijps.2018.229.233

[13] U. S. P. Uday et al., Isolation, screening and characterization of a novel extracellular xylanase from Aspergillus niger (KP874102.1) and its application in orange peel hydrolysis,, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., vol. 105, p.401–409, Dec. 2017,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.07.066

[14] D. S. Gade, M. V Dhumal, M. G. Nikam, and D. Bhosale, INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT LEVELS OF XYLANASE ENZYME ON PERFORMANCE, LITTER QUALITY AND ECONOMICS OF BROILER CHICKEN,, 2017. Accessed: Dec. 17, 2020. [Online]. Available: www.tjprc.org.

[15] M. E. Abd El-Hack, M. Alagawany, V. Laudadio, R. Demauro, and V. Tufarelli, Dietary inclusion of raw faba bean instead of soybean meal and enzyme supplementation in laying hens: Effect on performance and egg quality,, Saudi J. Biol. Sci., vol. 24, no. 2, p.276–285, Feb. 2017,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.05.009

[16] N. A. M. Ridzuan, S. M. Shaarani, Z. I. M. Arshad, N. Masngut, N. Zainol, and J. H. Shariffuddin, Study on enzyme activities in pineapple fruit and pineapple waste to be applied as poultry supplement,, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2020, vol. 991, no. 1,.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/991/1/012064

[17] Y. Selvanathan and N. Masngut, A statistical study of factors affecting natural biovinegar fermentation from pineapple peel waste,, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., vol. 1092, no. 1, p.012004, 2021,.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/1092/1/012004

[18] K. Y. Butt, A. Altaf, M. A. Malana, M. I. Ghori, and A. Jamil, Optimal Production of Proteases from Bacillus subtilis Using Submerged Fermentation,, Pakistan J. Life Soc. Sci., vol. 16, no. 1, p.15–19, 2018, Accessed: Dec. 11, 2020. [Online]. Available: www.pjlss.edu.pk.

[19] N. A. Chohan, G. S. Aruwajoye, Y. Sewsynker-Sukai, and E. B. Gueguim Kana, Valorisation of potato peel wastes for bioethanol production using simultaneous saccharification and fermentation: Process optimization and kinetic assessment,, Renew. Energy, vol. 146, p.1031–1040, Feb. 2020,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2019.07.042

[20] M. Irfan, U. Asghar, M. Nadeem, R. Nelofer, and Q. Syed, Optimization of process parameters for xylanase production by Bacillus sp. in submerged fermentation,, J. Radiat. Res. Appl. Sci., vol. 9, no. 2, p.139–147, Apr. 2016,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.10.008

[21] S. N. A. Rosli, R. Che Man, and N. Masngut, Factorial experimental design for xylanase production by Bacillus sp. isolated from Malaysia landfill soil,, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Mar. 2020, vol. 736, no. 2,.

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/736/2/022074

[22] A. Kumar, The Pharma Innovation Journal 2021; 10(5): 954-961 Utilization of bioactive components present in pineapple waste: A review,, 2021, Accessed: Apr. 15, 2022. [Online]. Available: http://www.thepharmajournal.com.

[23] D. Kania, R. Yunus, R. Omar, S. Abdul Rashid, and B. Mohamed Jan, Rheological investigation of synthetic-based drilling fluid containing non-ionic surfactant pentaerythritol ester using full factorial design,, Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., vol. 625, p.126700, Sep. 2021,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126700

[24] M. M. Abdulredha, S. A. Hussain, and L. C. Abdullah, Optimization of the demulsification of water in oil emulsion via non-ionic surfactant by the response surface methods,, J. Pet. Sci. Eng., vol. 184, no. May 2019, p.106463, 2020,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.petrol.2019.106463

[25] S. A. Razali, N. Rasit, and C. K. Ooi, Statistical analysis of xylanase production from solid state fermentation of rice husk associated fungus Aspergillus Niger,, in Materials Today: Proceedings, Jan. 2019, vol. 39, p.1082–1087,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.06.366

[26] F. S. Ire, I. J. Chima, and V. Ezebuiro, Enhanced xylanase production from UV-mutated Aspergillus niger grown on corn cob and sawdust,, Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., vol. 31, p.101869, Jan. 2021,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101869

[27] B. Kalim et al., Modulating the production of xylanase by Bacillus pumilus BS131 through optimization using waste fiber sludge,, Braz. J. Biol., vol. 83, p. e243874, Aug. 2021,.

DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.243874

[28] D. Si et al., Production and characterization of functional wheat bran hydrolysate rich in reducing sugars, xylooligosaccharides and phenolic acids,, Biotechnol. Reports, vol. 27, p. e00511, Sep. 2020,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00511

[29] S. Banerjee, A. F. Patti, V. Ranganathan, and A. Arora, Hemicellulose based biorefinery from pineapple peel waste: Xylan extraction and its conversion into xylooligosaccharides,, Food Bioprod. Process., vol. 117, p.38–50, Sep. 2019,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2019.06.012

[30] L. Gelain, L. van der Wielen, W. M. van Gulik, J. Geraldo da Cruz Pradella, and A. Carvalho da Costa, Mathematical modelling for the optimization of cellulase production using glycerol for cell growth and cellulose as the inducer substrate,, Chem. Eng. Sci. X, vol. 8, p.100085, Nov. 2020,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cesx.2020.100085

[31] R. N. da Silva, L. F. de A. Melo, and C. L. Luna Finkler, Optimization of the cultivation conditions of Bacillus licheniformis BCLLNF-01 for cellulase production,, Biotechnol. Reports, vol. 29, p. e00599, Mar. 2021,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00599

[32] S. K. Pramanik et al., Fermentation optimization of cellulase production from sugarcane bagasse by Bacillus pseudomycoides and molecular modeling study of cellulase,, Curr. Res. Microb. Sci., vol. 2, p.100013, Dec. 2021,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.100013

[33] S. Boiko, Optimization of the catalytic process and increase of the Irpex lacteus cellulases yield for saccharification,, Bioresour. Technol. Reports, vol. 15, p.100780, Sep. 2021,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2021.100780

[34] S. Poornima, P. Divya, N. Karmegam, V. Karthik, and R. Subbaiya, Aqueous two-phase partitioning and characterization of xylanase produced by Streptomyces geysiriensis from low cost lignocellulosic substrates,, J. Biosci. Bioeng., vol. 130, no. 6, p.571–576, Dec. 2020,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2020.07.008

[35] O. C. Amadi et al., Process optimization for simultaneous production of cellulase, xylanase and ligninase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SCPW 17 under solid state fermentation using Box-Behnken experimental design,, Heliyon, vol. 6, no. 7, p. e04566, Jul. 2020,.

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04566