Production of NaNi_0.5Co_0.3Mn_0.2O₂ (Na-NCM 532) for Sodium-Ion Battery via Combination Method

Abstract:

Battery technology applications for energy storage are currently increasing. The most popular kind of battery in use today is the lithium-ion battery. However, lithium is limited. In fact, the need for batteries as energy storage devices grows over time. One alternative for replacing lithium-ion batteries is the sodium-ion battery because its characteristics are similar to lithium’s and it is very abundant. In this study, Na-NCM 532 has been successfully produced using a co-precipitation and solid-state method combination. The co-precipitation process, using oxalic acid as a precipitation agent and ammonia as a pH adjustor, can be used to create sodium ion-based cathode materials. It is clear from the characterization that the material has been formed and has a good structure. A hexagonally layered material structure can be seen in the XRD patterns. FTIR analysis revealed that the material was produced after the sintering process. The morphology of the substance, which has dimensions between 1 to 5 micrometers, was revealed by a SEM investigation. The EIS test results show a battery conductivity of 1.24 x 10^-4 Scm^-1_. The electrochemical performance of the Na-NCM 532 cathode sodium battery and hard carbon anode was evaluated in a type 18650 cylindrical cell. The sodium battery was tested at a voltage window of 1.5-3.7 V and a current of 0.05C produced a capacity of 40 mAhg^-1.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1111)
• Pages: 33-43
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/p-T0AMIx
• Online since: December 2023
• Authors: Khikmah Nur Rikhy Stulasti, Rosana Budi Setyawati, Yazid Rijal Azinuddin, Windhu Griyasti Suci, Harry Kasuma Kiwi Aliwarga, Agus Purwanto*
• Keywords: Cathode, Coprecipitation, Sodium-Ion, Solid-State

References

[1] G. Xu, P. Nie, H. Dou, B. Ding, L. Li, and X. Zhang, "Exploring metal organic frameworks for energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors," Mater. Today, vol. 20, no. 4, p.191–209, 2017.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2016.10.003

[2] K. Chayambuka, G. Mulder, D. L. Danilov, and P. H. L. Notten, "Sodium-Ion Battery Materials and Electrochemical Properties Reviewed," Adv. Energy Mater., vol. 8, no. 16, p.1–49, 2018.

DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201800079

[3] A. R. Nurohmah et al., "Sodium-ion battery from sea salt: a review," Mater. Renew. Sustain. Energy, vol. 11, no. 1, p.71–89, 2022.

DOI: 10.1007/s40243-022-00208-1

[4] M. D. Slater, D. Kim, E. Lee, and C. S. Johnson, "Sodium-ion batteries," Adv. Funct. Mater., vol. 23, no. 8, p.947–958, 2013.

DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201200691

[5] N. Yabuuchi, K. Kubota, M. Dahbi, and S. Komaba, "Research development on sodium-ion batteries," Chem. Rev., vol. 114, no. 23, p.11636–11682, 2014.

DOI: 10.1021/cr500192f

[6] P. R. Kumar et al., "Na 4 MnV ( PO 4 ) 3 -rGO as Advanced cathode for aqueous and non-aqueous sodium ion batteries," J. Power Sources, vol. 429, no. January, p.149–155, 2019.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.04.080

[7] M. Chen et al., "NASICON-type air-stable and all-climate cathode for sodium-ion batteries with low cost and high-power density," Nat. Commun., vol. 10, no. 1, p.1–11, 2019.

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09170-5

[8] M. Sathiya, K. Hemalatha, K. Ramesha, J.-M. Tarascon, and A. S. Prakash, "Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of the Layered Sodium Insertion Cathode Material: NaNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2," Chem. Mater., vol. 24, p.1846–1853, 2012.

DOI: 10.1021/cm300466b

[9] J. Y. Hwang, C. S. Yoon, I. Belharouak, and Y. K. Sun, "A comprehensive study of the role of transition metals in O3-type layered Na[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.8) cathodes for sodium-ion batteries," J. Mater. Chem. A, vol. 4, no. 46, p.17952–17959, 2016.

DOI: 10.1039/c6ta07392a

[10] P. Hou, J. Yin, X. Lu, J. Li, Y. Zhao, and X. Xu, "A stable layered P3/P2 and spinel intergrowth nanocomposite as a long-life and high-rate cathode for sodium-ion batteries," Nanoscale, vol. 10, no. 14, p.6671–6677, 2018.

DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00650d

[11] R. Mishra et al., "Surface modification of nano Na[Ni0.60Mn0.35Co0.05]O2 cathode material by dextran functionalized RGO via hydrothermal treatment for high performance sodium batteries," Appl. Surf. Sci., vol. 535, no. May 2020, p.147695, 2021.

DOI: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.147695

[12] N. Nitta, F. Wu, J. T. Lee, and G. Yushin, "Li-ion battery materials: Present and future," Mater. Today, vol. 18, no. 5, p.252–264, 2015.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2014.10.040

[13] A. Jumari, K. Nur, R. Stulasti, R. N. Halimah, L. A. Aini, and R. Mintarsih, "Production of LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2.2O2 via fast oxalate precipitation for Li-ion," AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 030011, no. April, p.2–7, 2020.

DOI: 10.1063/5.0000646

[14] K. Kaliyappan, W. Xiao, K. R. Adair, T. K. Sham, and X. Sun, "Designing High-Performance Nanostructured P2-type Cathode Based on a Template-free Modified Pechini Method for Sodium-Ion Batteries," ACS Omega, vol. 3, no. 7, p.8309–8316, 2018.

DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00204

[15] Y. S. Meng, G. Ceder, C. P. Grey, W. S. Yoon, and Y. Shao-Horn, "Understanding the crystal structure of layered LiNi 0.5Mn 0.5O 2 by electron diffraction and powder diffraction simulation," Electrochem. Solid-State Lett., vol. 7, no. 6, p.155–158, 2004.

DOI: 10.1149/1.1718211

[16] H. Yoshida et al., "P2-type Na2/3Ni1/3Mn2/3−xTixO2 as a new positive electrode for higher energy Na-ion batteries," Chem. Commun., vol. 50, no. 28, p.3677–3680, 2014.

DOI: 10.1039/c3cc49856e

[17] L. Xu et al., "Influence of precursor phase on the structure and electrochemical properties of Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2)O2 cathode materials," Solid State Ionics, vol. 324, no. April, p.49–58, 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ssi.2018.06.010

[18] D. H. Lee, J. Xu, and Y. S. Meng, "An advanced cathode for Na-ion batteries with high rate and excellent structural stability," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 15, no. 9, p.3304–3312, 2013.

DOI: 10.1039/c2cp44467d

[19] S. Kim, X. Ma, S. P. Ong, and G. Ceder, "A comparison of destabilization mechanisms of the layered Na xMO 2 and Li xMO 2 compounds upon alkali de-intercalation," Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., vol. 14, no. 44, p.15571–15578, 2012.

DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43377j

[20] K. Park et al., "Characterization of a P2-type chelating-agent-assisted Na 2/3Fe1/2Mn1/2O2 cathode material for sodium-ion batteries," RSC Adv., vol. 4, no. 43, p.22798–22802, 2014.

DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01391c

[21] N. Yabuuchi and T. Ohzuku, "Novel lithium insertion material of LiCo1/3Ni1/3Mn1/3O2 for advanced lithium-ion batteries," J. Power Sources, vol. 119–121, p.171–174, 2003.

DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00173-3

[22] J. In-Ho et al., "The effect of electrolyte on the electrochemical properties of Na/a-NaMnO2 batteries," Mater. Res. Bull., vol. 3, p.2–5, 2014.

DOI: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.02.024

[23] A. R. Nurohmah, K. Nur, R. Stulasti, W. G. Suci, K. Aliwarga, and A. Purwanto, "A Novel Synthesis of Cathode Material NaNi0.5Ti0.5O2 for Sodium-Ion Batteries," Key Eng. Mater., vol. 924, p.167–173, 2022.

DOI: 10.4028/p-563jm3

[24] H. Zhou, X. Zhao, C. Yin, and J. Li, "Regeneration of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 291, p.142–150, 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.134

[25] N. R. Batti and N. R. Mandre, "Recovery and Characterization of Nickel Oxalate and Oxide Obtained from Spent Methanation Catalysts," Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., vol. 51, no. 3, p.1225–1232, 2020.

DOI: 10.1007/s11663-020-01828-6

[26] K. K. Sahu, R. K. Sahoo, L. D. Beshra, and M. Mohapatra, "Facile synthesis of nickel oxalate@carbon as electrical double layer and its derived nickel oxide as pseudo-type supercapacitor electrodes," Ionics (Kiel)., vol. 27, no. 2, p.819–832, 2021.

DOI: 10.1007/s11581-020-03822-z

[27] A. Nadeina, P. Rozier, and V. Seznec, "Facile Synthesis of a Common Na-Ion Battery Cathode Material Na3V2(PO4)2F3 by Spark Plasma Sintering," Energy Technol., vol. 8, no. 5, p.3–7, 2020.

DOI: 10.1002/ente.201901304

[28] M. Frankenberger, M. Singh, A. Dinter, and K. H. Pettinger, "EIS study on the electrode-separator interface lamination," Batteries, vol. 5, no. 4, 2019.

DOI: 10.3390/batteries5040071

[29] R. Holze, "Impedance spectroscopy [ E . Barsoukov and J . R . Macdonald ( Eds .)]," p.651–653, 2008.

DOI: 10.1007/s10008-007-0260-1

[30] V. Dall'Asta et al., "Aqueous Processing of Na0.44MnO2 Cathode Material for the Development of Greener Na-Ion Batteries," ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, vol. 9, no. 40, p.34891–34899, 2017.

DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09464

[31] D. Buchholz et al., "Toward na-ion batteries - Synthesis and characterization of a novel high capacity na ion intercalation material," Chem. Mater., vol. 25, no. 2, p.142–148, 2013.

DOI: 10.1021/cm3029615

[32] K. Karthikeyan et al., "Electrochemical performance of cobalt free, Li 1.2(Mn 0.32Ni 0.32Fe 0.16)O 2 cathodes for lithium batteries," Electrochim. Acta, vol. 68, p.246–253, 2012.

DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.076