Development of Nano Modified Eco-Friendly Green Binders for Sustainable Construction Applications

Abstract:

Cement manufacturing, which is partially responsible for environmental and health risks as well as the greenhouse gas emissions, is a binder industry that needs energy and raw material. To decrease the needing, this study develops nano-modified eco-friendly cementitious composites including industrial solid wastes and/or by-products. For this purpose, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was partially replaced with 70 wt% of fly ash (FA), Nano metakaolin (NMK) was incorporated at a rate of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 % as partial replacement by weight of FA to take advantage of the great role of nano materials in improving the mechanical and physical properties of cement based materials. Compressive strength, flexural strength, and capillary water absorption coefficient have been studied at 28 days of curing according to the international ASTM standards. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used to study the phase composition/decomposition. The microstructure characteristics of the hardened samples were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive analytical x-ray unit (EDAX). The results revealed that the partial replacement of cement by 70% of FA has reduced both compressive and flexural strengths by about 45% in addition; the water absorption has been increased by about 175% as compared to the OPC. The replacement of FA by different amounts of NMK compensate for the loss in strength by about 75%. Furthermore, NMK has considerably improved the microstructure and reduced the water absorption by 86%. The study concluded that, it is possible to substitute 70% of the weight of the cement in the production of eco-friendly cementitious composites with improved mechanical performance attaining 88% of the corresponding performance of the hydrated OPC. The developed composites can be considered as green binders and recommended for various applications in construction industry.

• Periodical: Nano Hybrids and Composites (Volume 24)
• Pages: 25-36
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/NHC.24.25
• Online since: February 2019
• Authors: Hamada Shoukry
• Keywords: Compressive Strength, Fly Ash, Microstructure, Nanometakaolin, Phase Composition, Water Absorption

References

[1] Benhelal E et al (2013) Global strategies and potentials to curb CO2 emissions in cement industry. J Clean Prod 51:142–161.

DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.10.049

[2] Scrivener, K.L., Nonat, A., 2011. Hydration of cementitious materials, present and future. Cem. Concr. Res. 41 (7), 651–665.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.026

[3] Kırgız, M.S., Pulverized Fuel Ash Cement Activated by Nanographite,, ACI Materials, Vol. 115, No. 6, p.803–812, (2018).

DOI: 10.14359/51689101

[4] Kırgız, M.S., Green cement composite concept reinforced by graphite nano-engineered particle suspension for infrastructure renewal material, Composites Part B, Vol. 154, No. 12, p.423–429, 2018.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.09.012

[5] Kırgız, M.S., Effect of mineralogical substitution raw material mixing ratio on mechanical properties of concrete, ZKG International, No. 10, p.30–41, (2018).

[6] Kırgız, M.S., Advancements in Properties of Cement Containing Pulverised Fly Ash and Nanomaterials by Blending and Ultrasonication Method (Review- Part I),, Nano Hybrids and Composites, vol. 19, pp.1-11, 2018.

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.19.1

[7] Kırgız, M.S., Fresh and Hardened Properties of Green Binder Concrete Containing Marble Powder and Brick Powder, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Issue sup1: Supplement: Green Binder Materials for Civil Engineering and Architecture Applications, Vol. 20, pp.64-101, 2016.

DOI: 10.1080/19648189.2016.1246692

[8] Flower, David J.M., Sanjayan, Jay G., 2007. Greenhouse gas emissions due to concrete manufacture. Int. J. LCA 12 (5), 282–288.

[9] Al-Jabri KS. The use of industrial waste materials and by-products in cement production. In: Lackner M, editor. High temperature processes in chemical engineering, May. Vienna: ProcessEng Engineering GmbH; 2010 [chapter 9].

[10] Hannesson G et al (2012) The influence of high volume of fly ash and slag on the compressive strength of self-consolidating concrete. Constr Build Mater 30:161–168.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.046

[11] Kırgız, M.S., Strength Gain Mechanism for Green Mortar Substituted Marble Powder and Brick Powder for Portland Cement, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Issue sup1: Supplement: Green Binder Materials for Civil Engineering and Architecture Applications, Vol. 20, pp.38-63, 2016.

DOI: 10.1080/19648189.2016.1246691

[12] Kırgız, M.S., Advancements in Mechanical and Physical Properties for Marble Powder–Cement Composites Strengthened by Nanostructured Graphite Particles, Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 92, No.1, p.223–234, 2016.

DOI: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.09.013

[13] Kırgız, M.S., Advance Treatment by Nanographite for Portland Pulverised Fly Ash Cement (The class F) Systems,, Composites Part B, Vol. 82, No. 12, p.59–71, 2015.

DOI: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.08.003

[14] Heidrich C, Feuerborn H-J, Weir A (2013) Coal combustion products: a global perspective. In: WOCA.

[15] Kırgız, M.S., Use of ultrafine marble and brick particles as raw materials in cement manufacturing,, Materials and Structures, Vol. 48, No. 9, p.2929–2941, (2015).

DOI: 10.1617/s11527-014-0368-6

[16] Kırgız, M.S., Advances in physical properties of C class fly ash–cement systems blended nanographite (Part 2),, ZKG International, No.1-2, p.60–67, (2015).

[17] Kırgız, M.S., Advances in physical properties of C class fly ash–cement systems blended nanographite (Part 1),, ZKG International, No.12, p.42–48, (2014).

[18] Kırgız, M.S., Strength Gain Mechanisms of Blended-Cements Containing Marble Powder and Brick Powder,, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 19, No.1, p.165–172, (2015).

DOI: 10.1007/s12205-014-0557-4

[19] Joshi RC, Lohita R (1997) Fly ash in concrete: production, properties and uses. CRC Press, Boca Ro.

[20] Siddique, Rafat, Prince, William, Kamali, Siham, 2007. Influence of utilization of high-volume of Class F fly ash on the abrasion resistance of concrete. Leonardo Electron. J. Pract. Technol. 10, 13–28.

[21] Lammertijn, S., De Belie, N., 2008. Porosity, gas permeability, carbonation and their interaction in high-volume fly ash concrete. Mag. Concr. Res. 60 (7), 535–545.

DOI: 10.1680/macr.2008.60.7.535

[22] Kırgız, M.S., Use of ultrafine marble and brick particles as alternative raw materials for clinkerization,, ZKG International, No.4, p.36–44, (2014).

[23] Kırgız, M.S., Effects of Blended–Cement Paste Chemical Composition Changes on Some Strength Gains of Blended–Mortars,, Materials Science / J. of Sci. W., http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/625350, Vol.2014, p.11, (2014).

DOI: 10.1155/2014/625350

[24] Kırgız, M.S., Characteristic Properties of Marble and Brick Powders,, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering / J. of Ad. Mater. Res., Vol.749, p.483–490, (2013).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.749.483

[25] Kırgız, M.S., Chemical Properties of Substituted and Blended Cements,, Bio-Medical Materials and Engineering / J. of Ad. Mater. Res., Vol.749, p.477–482, (2013).

[26] Atis_, Cengiz Duran, 2005. Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete and influence of curing condition. Cem. Concr. Res. 35, 1112–1121.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.07.037

[27] Latha, K.S., Rao, M.V.S., Reddy, S., 2012. Estimation of GGBS and HVFA strength efficiencies in concrete with age. Int. J. Eng. Adv. Technol. 2 (2), 221–225.

[28] John, Jino, Ashok, M., 2014, Strength study on high volume fly ash concrete, Int. J. Adv. Struct. Geotech. Eng. 3 (2), 1680171.

[29] Shaikh F, Supit S, Sarker P (2014) A study on the effect of nano silica on compressive strength of high volume fly ash mortars and concretes. Mater Des 60:433–442.

DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.04.025

[30] Li, Gengying, 2004. Properties of high-volume fly ah concrete incorporating nano-SiO2. Cem. Concr. Res. 34, 1043–1049.

DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.11.013

[31] Morsy MS, Alsayed SH, Aqel M, Effect of nano-clay on mechanical properties and microstructure of ordinary Portland cement mortar Int. J. Civil Environ. Eng., 10 (1) (2010), p.23–27.

[32] Shoukry H, Kotkata MF, Abo-EL-Enein SA, Morsy MS (2013) Flexural strength and physical properties of fiber reinforced nano metakaolin cementitious surface compound, J Construct Build Mater 43: 453-460.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.030

[33] AL-Salami AE, Morsy MS, Taha S, Shoukry H (2013) Physico-mechanical characteristics of blended white cement pastes containing thermally activated ultrafine nano clays. Construct Build Mater 47: 138–145.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.011

[34] M.S. Morsy, Y. Al-Salloum, T. Almusallam, H. Abbas, Effect of nano-metakaolin addition on the hydration characteristics of fly ash blended cement mortar, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 116 (2013) 845–852.

DOI: 10.1007/s10973-013-3512-6

[35] Mahir dham (2007) nanomodificaion of cement matrix for enhanced ductility and fracture properties in concrete, PhD thesis, University of Florida.

[36] Al-Jabri K, Shoukry H (2014) Use of nano-structured waste materials for improving mechanical, physical and structural properties of cement mortar. J. Constr. Build. Mater., 73: 636–644.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.004

[37] Shoukry H, Kotkata MF, Abo-EL-Enein SA, Morsy MS, Flexural strength and physical properties of fiber reinforced nano metakaolin cementitious surface compound, J. Constr. Build. Mater. 43 (2013) 453–460.

DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.030

[38] M.S. Morsy, S.H. Alsayed, M. Aqel, Effect of nano-clay on mechanical properties and microstructure of ordinary Portland cement mortar, Int. J. Civil Environ. Eng. 10 (2010) 23–27.

[39] Kırgız, M.S., Supernatant Nanographite Solution for Advance Treatment of C Class Fly Ash–Cement Systems (Part 2),, ZKG International, No. 5, p.42–47, (2015).

[40] Kırgız, M.S., Supernatant Nanographite Solution for Advance Treatment of C Class Fly Ash–Cement Systems (Part 1),, ZKG International, No. 4, p.56–65, (2015).

[41] Kırgız, M. S., Chemical properties of blended cement pastes,, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 137, No. 12, p.1036–1042, (2011).