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CFD-based models.
Bastier et al [[27]] obtained the temperature distribution and plastic strain from a CFD based material flow steady state simulation results.
Colegrave et al [[28]] established a 2D planar steady state CFD model.
Atharifar et al [[32]] investigated the loads carried by a threaded FSW tool by using a CFD based steady state simulation model.
Dynamic mesh is employed in the numerical simulation in the CFD based numerical simulation to handle the motion of the FSW tool as shown in Fig. 2, the calculation domain is meshed using the tetragonal grid.

In CFD, hemodynamic studies employed Newtonian[3,7,8,9] and non-Newtonian models[10].
The flow of blood in aneurysm geometry is simulated using CFD approach.
The parameters for simulation is summerised in Table 1.
Palombo., CFD Modelling of Blood Flow in Portal Vein Hypertension With and Without Thrombosis.
Conference on CFD in the Minerals and Process Industries. 2003

In this paper the research object is the velocity and temperature change of the airflow inside the subway, and the research method is computer simulation.
Figure 4 Body structure of model 3 The CFD calculations of models CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) is a computer and image display that uses numerical calculation to finish the related work about the fluid flow and heat transfer system of physical phenomenon.
Computer Numerical Simulation of Fluid Mechanics is a study of fluid flow and other physical phenomenon of modern technologies.
Conclusion This paper has reached some conclusions about the subway air-conditioning system using CFD to simulate the airflow.
Climate simulation and test methods of urban transportation air-conditioning system [J].

., Taipei, 10608, Taiwan ahuangch@ntut.edu.tw, bwky1010@yahoo.com.tw Keywords: urban ecology, wind field, micro climate, aerosol, CFD, green building Abstract.
Method The measured data were used as the basis for the simulation analysis in this study.
The data were analyzed in the CFD simulation.
Numerical calculation was combined with CFD software, along with k-ε turbulence model analysis and finite-volume method, to solve the dynamic equations and energy formula.
Chen, Natural ventilation in buildings: measurement in a wind tunnel and numerical simulation with large-eddy simulation, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 91, 2003, pp.331–353 [4] A.P.

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used for the investigation of the piston wind.
The simulation results are trustworthy and numerical simulation of piston wind is feasible using dynamic grid in CFD software, which provides the basis for the virtual design of piston wind.
On the calculation method of piston wind, a one-dimensional subway environment simulation software SES (Subway Environment Simulation) software, which was developed by the U.S.
In addition, some other commercial CFD software, for instance, Kim and other authors carry out an analysis of the piston wind caused by subway train’s acceleration and deceleration movement in a tunnel by using CFX4.
Numerical Simulation of Compressible Flows Induced by a Train Moving Into a Tunnel.

The intake process will be simulated using CFD analysis.
The piston displacement will be considered ideal for the CFD simulation.
A cross-sectional view of the compressor and the simplified geometry used in the flow simulation can be seen in Figure 1.
A cross-section through the simplified 3D-model of the compressor – left; equivalent geometry used in the fluid flow simulation – right.
Conclusion The CFD study confirms the functionality of a resonant compressor using CO2 as a working fluid.

Thus the simulation model can be used to simulate and optimize valve timing parameters of this diesel engine.
Numerical Simulation and Analysis of Influence of Valve Timing on Diesel Engine Performance[J].
Optimization of Valve Timing for Diesel Engine by CFD[J].Chinese Internal Combustion Engine,2002,23(5):34-37
A CFD Approach for　Studying Valve Timing of IC Engines.
Analyzing Emission of a Turbo-Charged DI Diesel Engine with Different Advanced Injection Angle based on CFD Method.

CFD method is efficient and cost saving, and besides, it can simulate the condition and obtain the data which experiment cannot [6].
With CFD methods we can quickly obtain the force that fluid impact on the blunt and the total pressure distribution in the field.
CFD used in simulation of automobile external flow and pipe flow has developed ripely and is reliable, so numerical simulation is used to probe the relationship between the total pressure distribution and drag [8].
Fig. 1 Blunt body and field of case1 Fig. 2 Volume mesh in symmetry plane In this paper, SST k-ω turbulence model is selected in the CFD simulation.
Summary In the post-processing of CFD simulation, the total pressure equals to 0 isobaric surface can be used to qualitative analysis the structure of the flow field.

The numerical simulation based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is a good method to choose.
Thirdly, numerical simulation based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is taken to simulate the airflow around MAVs and observe its parameters.
CFD is an important assistant tool for aircraft design.
So simulation in two dimensions can not describe the flow accurately.
The low aspect ratio wings have strong three-dimensional characteristics, so three-dimensional simulation is more suitable than two-dimensional simulation.

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used for numerical study.
The simulations were done respect to different ground clearance and Reynolds number.
Two ground boundaries were used in the simulations, fixed ground and moving ground.
The fluent software was employed for CFD simulations.
Total wing span (b) [mm] 250 Root chord length (c) [mm] 200 Middle wing span (bm) 125 Taper ratio (c/ ct) 1.25 Anhedral angle (a) [°] 13 For the validation propose, the CFD simulation was compared with experimental data using the low speed wind tunnel at the Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.