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XRD data related to the series of compounds were collected by means of X’Pert Pro type X-ray diffractometer supplied by PANalytical Company in Netherlands.
The data were collected by continuous scanning method with a step length of 0.0167°, a rate of 30s/step and the scanning angle ranging from 20°to 120°.
According to our analysis, the sample with x=0 shows antiferromagnetic (ATM) property under 60 K: The magnetization intensity is obviously reduced with the reduction of temperature, and a peak appeared when the temperature reaches Neel temperature TN (60 K); the magnetization intensity is rapidly reduced when the temperature is above 60 K, accompanied with self-spinning ferromagnetic orderliness and the antiferromagnetic coupling within the double layers of MnO6[5]; when the temperature ranges from 100 K to 250K, a section of platform approximating the shape of a straight line is formed in M-T curve, which represents two-dimensional ferromagnetic orderliness; when the temperature is above 250K, the material is in the paramagnetic state.
The reduction of the content and the increase of Mg ion in Mn bit result in the decrease of antiferromagnetic transformation temperature in the low-temperature area of the material; meanwhile, the increase of Phase 113 increases the ferromagnetic component in the low-temperature area, which dominates the higher magnetization intensity of the sample with x = 0.2in the low-temperature area.
The sharp reduction of specific resistance below Tρ is closely related to 3D ferromagnetic self-spinning and ordering.

The slight reduction of dissolution in Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu can be understood by the equation of dissolution rate [6].
Although there is relatively large scattering in data, the dissolution thickness linearly increased with holding time.
Figure 7 indicates the reduction of dissolution by the addition of saturation concentration of Fe to Sn-3.5Ag.
The data shown in this investigation revealed the extremely large difference in dissolution rate between Cu and iron based alloys.
Eco Design 2006 Asia Pacific Symposium, Dec. 11-12, Tokyo, Union of EcoDesigners, (2006), p. 77-80. 0 50 100 150 Dissolution thickness ( µm) 0.016 Fe Fe addition, mass% 0.023 Fe 0.050 Fe Test temperature 623K 673K 723K Pure Fe Sn-3.5Ag Sn-3.5Ag-Fe 0 Fe 0 Fe 0 Fe Fig. 7 Effect of addition of small amount of Fe to Sn-3.5Ag on reduction of dissolution of pure Fe. 0 50 100 150 200 250 Dissolution thickness ( µm) 0 2 4 6 8 10 Holding time (h) Sn-37Pb Sn-3.5Ag Type 304L, 723K Fig. 8 Plots between holding time of Type 304L stainless steel in molten solder and dissolution thickness

Although some studies [6] have indicated such relationship, those relevant data have been neglected.
Experimental data show [3,6,7] that materials with larger coercivity (or smaller grain size) tend to follow an angular dependence of the coercivity similar to that given by the Stoner-Wohlfarth model [8], while materials with smaller coercivity (or with larger grain size) tend to follow an angular dependence of the coercivity similar to 1/cos θ (Kondorsky law) [9].
The reduction of magnetostatic energy due the magnetization reversal in a spherical cap with thickness x (Fig. 1) is directly proportional to the volume V of this cap [10,11].
It also should be noted that, when grain size is below the Rc, reduction of coercivity has already been attributed to thermal fluctuations [17].
The experimental values of 30 kOe and 5 kOe shown in Fig. 4 should be interpreted as "reduction" of anisotropy field, probably due to lattice defects that have their effect included by means of the non-dimensional α factor, as shown in Eq. 3.3: s s ci NM M K H −= 12α (3.3) Eq. 3.3 is a modification of Eq. 3.2 (for θ=0).

The output pattern data was compared to International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) library [10] as the reference database.
As the annealing temperature increases, a slight reduction in surface reflectance is evident.
The reduction in the surface reflectance at higher temperature is believed to be due to increased light scattering at the surface of the Al back contact that gets rougher at higher temperatures (as previously shown by Fig. 3).
Surface reflectance shows reduction (both in visible and IR regions) as the annealing temperature increases due to increased light scattering at the surface of the Al back contact that gets rougher at higher temperatures.

The preparation process include following stages: (i) producing Cu-0.5%Al pre-alloyed powder by water atomization method; (ii) Oxidation of atomized Cu-Al alloy powder at approximately 900 ͦ C for 1 hour in the air; (iii) Reduction in hydrogen atmosphere at 800 ͦ C for 1 hour; (iv) Pre compacting of powder at 500Mpa in a copper can; and (v) Extruding of pre-compacted sample at 900 ͦ C in an argon atmosphere to a rod with 17 mm diameter followed by drawing to get a high density of dislocations.Tensile properties at ambient and elevated temperatures were determined in according to the standard test methods (ASTM E8M).
The reduction in area of the composite decreases rapidly with temperature increase up to 680 ͦ C and at these temperature range the elongation is about 4.3% (Fig.1 (b)).
According to tensile tests results, the features of fracture surface morphology are in agreement with test data.
It could be considered that alumina particles are distributed non-uniformly in copper matrix (in agreement with the previously published data [15]), which have negative effect on the mechanical behavior of the composite.
Rzano, Characterization of Cu–Al2O3 nano-scale composites synthesized by in situ reduction, Mater.

First, in scientific literature and field experience despite a multitude of researches devoted to study of the bronze casting properties, there are not any data on fatigue crack life of this material, its friction factor et cetera.
The reduction in cooling rate up to 10-20° С/s leads to the eutectoid content in the structure within the limits of 1-2%.
The data on the specified influence of cooling rate of the bronze casting on its fatigue crack life can be seen in fig. 1.
This suggested the fact that by means of cooling rate reduction the number of emerging imperfections can be reduced.
Then, on the basis of these specified criteria, the author carries out the calculation of the effectiveness of each of the criterion in order to reveal the available hidden reserves allowing reduction in both economic and technological losses.

Milstein et al. [4] was one of the first who reported on the influence of weak deformations on magnetic properties of Gd polycrystalline ingot, but the thickness reduction in those experiments was weak and amounted only by 27%.
On each cycle the thickness reduction was between 20% and 30% per run to avoid heating the material.
The acquired ΔTad data for bulk samples and rolled samples are plotted against temperature in Fig.6.
It is seen that there is a good correspondence between MCE data.
The decrease of TC is observed due to a reduction of the exchange interactions with increasing nonmagnetic Y atoms concentration.

Characterization of Sugarcane Bagasse The sugarcane bagasse in natura was submitted to grinding in a knives mill, of the MA048 Marconi model, for the size reduction, resulting in a granulometry of 30 Mesh.
The data regarding to the amount of extractives, ashes, cellulose, hemicellulose and insoluble lignin present in the samples are found in Table 2.
Analyzing the data referring to the pretreated bagasse, it can be seen that the chemical method has provided a 40% reduction in lignin content and 43% in the content of hemicellulose.
For different varieties of sugarcane bagasse, Philippini [12] performed the pretreatment stage using the acid concentration at 2%, with temperature of 150°C and residence time of 30 min, and then sodium hydroxide at 1 %, with temperature of 100°C and the same time, and obtained an average reduction of 80 and 57% in hemicellulose and lignin, respectively.

These optimisation methods have proved their efficiency in the scheduling of real production data for a highly flexible car manufacturing assembly line (PSA Peugeot Citroën car assembly line at Vigo, Spain).
In accordance with this, and throughout this work, a warmup period of 56 hours (3360 minutes) was considered, during which the data collected were not considered for statistical purposes.
Performance of the production line based on: the speed of the intermediate buffers consisting of conveyors (loop 1, loop 2, loop 3), the proportion of four-door car bodies and the number of cars / hour The analysis of table 1 allows one to conclude that a significant drop in the speed of the intermediate buffers consisting of conveyors, as soon as specific values are reached, causes a marked reduction in the productivity of the automobile assembly line studied.
This possibility has proved to be of great importance since it allows for a reduction of the energy costs associated to the operation of the conveyors.
This possibility is proved to be of the utmost importance, since it allows a reduction in the energy costs associated with the operation of the conveyors.

Mustafa et al. (2013) [4] stated that the exposure of gamma radiation at 35 kGy dose causes the reduction of all the structural units of tellurite and borate.
Azuraida et al. (2015) [5] is also in agreement to this reasoning and confirmed by the data shown in the FTIR spectra.
Hence, the chemical bond might be ruptured or elongated and led to density reduction.
This reduction confirmed the increment in the rigidity of these glasses.
Data of atomic ring size showed that compaction also occurred during radiation as the value was found to decrease as radiation dose increased.