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Online since: December 2012
Authors: Chun Yu Zhang, Hua Zhang, Xue Quan Zhang, Tie Jun Ge, Xiao Feng He
Table 1 The crystallization data Tc (0C), Tm (0C), of PP and PP/s-PB blends
Sample
Tc (0C)
Tm (0C)
PP
s-PB
PP
s-PB
PP
114.86
-
162.94
-
P90B10
116.38
-
163.47
-
P70B30
116.59
72.87
162.66
106.18
P60B40
115.59
71.76
162.65
105.89
P50B50
116.74
72.43
163.35
106.07
P40B60
115.91
72.77
163.19
105.90
P30B70
116.72
72.28
163.19
105.73
s-PB
-
72.07
-
105.98
Compatibility of PP/s-PB blends
Usually, in polymer blends, by analyzing a component effecting on melting point of crystallization polymer can be estimated the thermodynamics compatibility of two components.
Nishi and Wang[4] proposed theoretical model through studying PVDF/PMMA blends, the model as shown in equation (1) can theoretically explain the phenomenon of melting point reduction in polymer blends 2 (1) In this equation, Tm is practical melting point, T0m is balanced melting point, ΔHm is melting heat of repeat units per mole in 100 percentage crystalline polymer, χ12 is inter-reaction parameter, V1 is polymer one mole volume of repeat units, V2 is polymer two mole volume of repeat units, Φ2 is volume percentage of crystalline polymer, χ12 is usually negative value, and Tm of corresponding blends decreases with reduction of Φ2 value as shown in Table1.
In general, three reasons are likely to cause the decrease of Tm0 of blends, reduction of crystal size, eutectic crystal form, and the dilution efficiency of amorphous phase.
Nishi and Wang[4] proposed theoretical model through studying PVDF/PMMA blends, the model as shown in equation (1) can theoretically explain the phenomenon of melting point reduction in polymer blends 2 (1) In this equation, Tm is practical melting point, T0m is balanced melting point, ΔHm is melting heat of repeat units per mole in 100 percentage crystalline polymer, χ12 is inter-reaction parameter, V1 is polymer one mole volume of repeat units, V2 is polymer two mole volume of repeat units, Φ2 is volume percentage of crystalline polymer, χ12 is usually negative value, and Tm of corresponding blends decreases with reduction of Φ2 value as shown in Table1.
In general, three reasons are likely to cause the decrease of Tm0 of blends, reduction of crystal size, eutectic crystal form, and the dilution efficiency of amorphous phase.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Poedji Loekitowati Hariani, Fahma Riyanti
There are several methods used to treat wastewater which contain Cr(VI), such as reduction [7], adsorption [6, 8, 9], and extraction [10].
The adsorption capacity of CuFe2O4 to Cr(VI) was smaller when compared to the reduction method using H2SO4 and modified chitosan [7,9] but CuFe2O4 has the advantage such as it does not require filtration and adsorption time was faster.
Nurlisa, Reduction of Cr(VI) ions in aqueous used FeSO4, J.
Physic.Scien. 6 (2011) 6257-6267 [15] JCPDS card 25-283, International center for diffraction data, Swathmore, PA, 1986 [16] H.M.
The adsorption capacity of CuFe2O4 to Cr(VI) was smaller when compared to the reduction method using H2SO4 and modified chitosan [7,9] but CuFe2O4 has the advantage such as it does not require filtration and adsorption time was faster.
Nurlisa, Reduction of Cr(VI) ions in aqueous used FeSO4, J.
Physic.Scien. 6 (2011) 6257-6267 [15] JCPDS card 25-283, International center for diffraction data, Swathmore, PA, 1986 [16] H.M.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Ilya Latushkin, Evgeniy V. Aryshenskii, Maksim S. Tepterev
The results of the study mayimprove the relations obtained in [7-8] and develop processes allowing us to achieve a significant reduction in strip anisotropy even with a high Fe content.
Reduction, % Rolling force, [t] Speed, [m/min] 3104, hhot rolled = 2.2 mm F1 40–50 1000–1500 20–30 F2 40–50 1000–1500 45–50 F3 40–50 1000–1500 85–90 F4 40–50 500–1000 165–170 F5 35–45 500–1000 290–300 The samples were cut out after complete cooling of the coils produced from each ingot.
A change in the volume fraction of texture components depending on the Fe content As it can be seen from the data presented above, with an increase in the Fe content there is a predictable growth in the number of textureless components.
This is due to the fact that this parameter is directly affected by not an increase in a textureless component, but by the reduction in the amount of a cube texture which starts at a given Fe content.
Reduction, % Rolling force, [t] Speed, [m/min] 3104, hhot rolled = 2.2 mm F1 40–50 1000–1500 20–30 F2 40–50 1000–1500 45–50 F3 40–50 1000–1500 85–90 F4 40–50 500–1000 165–170 F5 35–45 500–1000 290–300 The samples were cut out after complete cooling of the coils produced from each ingot.
A change in the volume fraction of texture components depending on the Fe content As it can be seen from the data presented above, with an increase in the Fe content there is a predictable growth in the number of textureless components.
This is due to the fact that this parameter is directly affected by not an increase in a textureless component, but by the reduction in the amount of a cube texture which starts at a given Fe content.
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Iis Sopyan, Ramesh Singh, M.A. Hassan, K.Y. Sara Lee, C.Y. Tan, K.M. Christopher Chin, J. Purbolaksono, W.D. Teng
Although ball milling is widely used for particle reduction purposes, it is not a good option as prolong periods of milling would only wear the milling media quickly and result in contamination of the product [9, 10].
The results also indicated that with ultrasonication (minus the ball milling), there is a reduction in the secondary phase as indicated by the decreased in the corresponding X-ray peaks when the ultrasonic amplitude was increased from 30% to 50%.
The crystallite sizes of the powders as calculated from Scherrer's equation based on the XRD data are presented in Table 1.
Eiff "Size reduction of clay particles in nanometer dimensions" Mat.
The results also indicated that with ultrasonication (minus the ball milling), there is a reduction in the secondary phase as indicated by the decreased in the corresponding X-ray peaks when the ultrasonic amplitude was increased from 30% to 50%.
The crystallite sizes of the powders as calculated from Scherrer's equation based on the XRD data are presented in Table 1.
Eiff "Size reduction of clay particles in nanometer dimensions" Mat.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Heng De Li, Tian Fei Zhang, Yan Yan, Lin Chen, Ling Ling Hu
Procedure and Experimental Data.
The binary energy parameters aij for the miscible mixtures were obtained from vapor-liquid equilibrium data reduction using the following thermodynamic equations:
Parameters b – binary liquid-liquid equilibrium data from this work.
Data.
Rearey-Nies: Vapor-liquid equilibrium data collection (DECHEMA, Frankfurt/Main, 1988).
The binary energy parameters aij for the miscible mixtures were obtained from vapor-liquid equilibrium data reduction using the following thermodynamic equations:
Parameters b – binary liquid-liquid equilibrium data from this work.
Data.
Rearey-Nies: Vapor-liquid equilibrium data collection (DECHEMA, Frankfurt/Main, 1988).
Online since: September 2009
Authors: Philippe Colomban
Thus, the action of the kiln
atmosphere on oxidation/reduction in a glass or a glaze requires some short-circuits to be efficient
[21,22,66,107-111].
This lustre has been obtained by 4 sequences of reduction (by CO) at 580°C followed by an oxidation, which leads to an increase of the temperature by about 100°C.
This special pattern involves one, two or more successive deposits of the metal source mixture and/or associated repeated flash reduction/oxidation conditions.
The formation of haematite as a result of the Fe2+ ion oxidation in Fe3+ promotes the reduction of copper ions in metal (see equation 8).
The number of studied samples remains limited: for instance no real data are available by TEM for Cassius purple glaze and for red flambé potteries.
This lustre has been obtained by 4 sequences of reduction (by CO) at 580°C followed by an oxidation, which leads to an increase of the temperature by about 100°C.
This special pattern involves one, two or more successive deposits of the metal source mixture and/or associated repeated flash reduction/oxidation conditions.
The formation of haematite as a result of the Fe2+ ion oxidation in Fe3+ promotes the reduction of copper ions in metal (see equation 8).
The number of studied samples remains limited: for instance no real data are available by TEM for Cassius purple glaze and for red flambé potteries.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Swee Kei Lee, Nawal Aswan Abdul Jalil
When McGwin et al. [13] analyzed statistical data of front row occupants’ injuries involve vehicle produces from 1998 onward in near side lateral collision, which is collected by The National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) Crashworthiness Data System (CDS), a crash data collection center sponsored by the USA, they believe side protecting system could reduce head injuries by 75% while 68% of thorax injuries compare to vehicles without side airbag.
In Victoria, Australia, D’Elia et al. [15] studied the injury information from insurance injury compensation claims data linked to Police department; they found that head plus thorax dual airbags are significantly in reducing occupant death and injuries.
In term of statistically figure, a reduction of 41.1% in the risk of death or injury across all body regions; and 48.0% reduction in the risk of death or injury to the head, neck, face, chest and abdomen recorded.
Her findings has been verified by Yoganandan et al. [17] in their research on comparison of 7,812 side impact crashes vehicles with side airbag happened in the 1997 to 2004 with the findings with data from side crashes without side airbag.
They concluded reduction of head injuries was found.
In Victoria, Australia, D’Elia et al. [15] studied the injury information from insurance injury compensation claims data linked to Police department; they found that head plus thorax dual airbags are significantly in reducing occupant death and injuries.
In term of statistically figure, a reduction of 41.1% in the risk of death or injury across all body regions; and 48.0% reduction in the risk of death or injury to the head, neck, face, chest and abdomen recorded.
Her findings has been verified by Yoganandan et al. [17] in their research on comparison of 7,812 side impact crashes vehicles with side airbag happened in the 1997 to 2004 with the findings with data from side crashes without side airbag.
They concluded reduction of head injuries was found.
Online since: September 2009
Authors: Maria J. Mosquera, Desireé M. de los Santos, Teresa Rivas, Patricia Sanmartín, Benita Silva
Data for the stone
samples evaluated are given in Table 2.
Table 2: Data for the untreated stones and their treated counterparts.
Data correspond to average values, and standard deviations are also included.
In the case of the water vapour permeability, we record a large quantity of data (>3000 items) for each test by mean of the automatic set-up developed in our laboratory, which assures the adequate characterization of the process kinetic.
Thus, by plotting Q·l/A·∆C versus time, vapour diffusivity values, which are shown in Table 2, were calculated directly from the slope of a linear regression of data when a steady vapour flow was attained.
Table 2: Data for the untreated stones and their treated counterparts.
Data correspond to average values, and standard deviations are also included.
In the case of the water vapour permeability, we record a large quantity of data (>3000 items) for each test by mean of the automatic set-up developed in our laboratory, which assures the adequate characterization of the process kinetic.
Thus, by plotting Q·l/A·∆C versus time, vapour diffusivity values, which are shown in Table 2, were calculated directly from the slope of a linear regression of data when a steady vapour flow was attained.
Online since: January 2010
Authors: Adele Carradò, Gerhard Ziegmann, Heinz Palkowski, Olga Sokolova
For each data point five samples were tested and the
results were averaged.
Five samples each had been used for investigation and the results were averaged for each data point.
Data: mean ± SD (n = 5) The mechanical properties of the polymer (PP-PE foil), the metal (steel and aluminium alloys) and their interface determine the strength of the sandwich.
Five samples each had been used for investigation and the results were averaged for each data point.
In all cases the inner skin shows a reduced reduction compared to the outer.
Five samples each had been used for investigation and the results were averaged for each data point.
Data: mean ± SD (n = 5) The mechanical properties of the polymer (PP-PE foil), the metal (steel and aluminium alloys) and their interface determine the strength of the sandwich.
Five samples each had been used for investigation and the results were averaged for each data point.
In all cases the inner skin shows a reduced reduction compared to the outer.
Online since: January 2013
Authors: Qing Rui Xiang, Chun Peng Dong, Jing Jun Zhou
This way provides an attractive prospect for friction drag reduction on external flows.
For the large scale ventilated supercavity, although some numerical simulations have been done in the framework of homogeneous flow model[13,14], there are no quantitative comparison with experimental data in the consulted articles.
Finally, the above simulation results have been verified by the experimental data in water tunnel.
The distribution of pressure coefficient is shown in fig.17, it can be seen that both models have the good accuracy by comparing with the experimental data.
Friction Drag Reduction of External Flows with Bubble and Gas Injection.
For the large scale ventilated supercavity, although some numerical simulations have been done in the framework of homogeneous flow model[13,14], there are no quantitative comparison with experimental data in the consulted articles.
Finally, the above simulation results have been verified by the experimental data in water tunnel.
The distribution of pressure coefficient is shown in fig.17, it can be seen that both models have the good accuracy by comparing with the experimental data.
Friction Drag Reduction of External Flows with Bubble and Gas Injection.