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Developments of Solar Cell Materials and Fabrication Technology and Their Effects on Energy Conversion Efficiency Yindong Yang, Paul Wu, Jason Deng, Mansoor Barati and Alex McLean Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto,184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E4 E-mail: yindongyang@yahoo.com Keywords: Solar cell materials, Solar grade silicon, Energy conversion efficiency, Photovoltaic industry Abstract.
Many factors, such as, materials, material purity, temperature, can affect energy efficiency.
Materials Structures Efficiency [%] Availability Toxicity Ref.
There are two active materials.
Green: Journal of Material Science: Materials in Electronics, Vol. 18 (2007), No. 1, pp. 15-19

In the paper, the continuous conceptual problems of discontinuous materials are discussed and finite element method mesh generation based on material-discontinuous-nature is researched.
When the research range is tend to the size of the materials particle or crystal grain, the assumption of continuum theory need to rediscuss.
The soils is composed with clay particles and binding materials.
Vol. 29(7)(2003), p 644-648（In Chinese） [3] LIANG Li, ZHANG Qi-zhi, LIN Yun-mei: Journal of Northeastern University (Natural Science).
Beijing: Science Press (2002)（In Chinese） [12] HU Jiang-chun.

Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Henan Province Key Science and Technology Project (132102310113), Henan Province Basic and Frontier Technology Research Project (142300410290) and the Key Science and Technology Program of Henan Province Education Department (14A560018).
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Xu: Fiber Reinforced Concrete and Fiber Mortar, (China Building Materials Industry Press, Beijing, 2005)
Shen: New Fiber Reinforced Cement-based Composite Materials, (China Building Materials Industry Press, Beijing, 2004).

Research of time-history properties of materials of cable wares work is sanctified to [14].
Kovalevska, Experimental and computer researches of ferroconcrete floor slabs at high-temperature influences, Materials Science Forum, 968 (2019) 361–367
Shcherbak, Results of experimental research into correlations between hazardous factors of ignition of materials in premises, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 6 (10–90) (2017) 50–56
Kovalov, About need of calculations for the steel framework building in temperature influences conditions, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 708 (1) (2019) 012065
Gornostal, Analysis of correlation dimensionality of the state of a gas medium at early ignition of materials, Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies, 5/10 (95) (2018) 25–30

Electrode Material The earliest electrodes material in super capacitor is carbon materials.
Journal of colloid and interface science. 384 (2012) 38-44
Journal of Membrane Science. 442 (2013) 131-139
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Journal of Materials Chemistry. 19 (2009) 6773-6779

Spinel LiMn2O4 cathode materials for lithium-ion battery played an important role in current new energy materials researching [4].
Experimental Section Preparation of LiMn2FyO4-y Materials.
The raw materials of LiNO3 (AR, Shanghai Hanson Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd.
Materials Characterization.
Yao: Materials Science and Engineering.Vol. 97 (2003), p. 160 [12] C.

The silicate / cement based composites is a group of materials which consist of silicate / cement paste matrix and e.g. sandstone, granite or basalt aggregate.
Eigenvector for both materials then form one joint eigenvector vk=vk0,vk1.
The authors would like to thank the Czech Science Foundation for financial support through the Grant 16/18702S.
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Kaysser: Materials Science and Engineering, A362 (2003), p. 17-39
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Langrana, et al: Materials and Design, Vol. 21 (2000), p. 75-82
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Tan: Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 15(2009), p. 5-18.

And the spatial distribution and properties of the structural surface (like geometry, density, filling materials, etc.) [1] play a controlling role in the deformation and failure of rock mass.
The jointed rocks are usually considered as continuous materials [11~13] to calculate the mechanical parameters although they are non-continuous.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol.39, no.2, pp. 229-241
Journal of Ⅺ’AN University of Science and Technology, vol.29, no.6, pp.726-730.
International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences，vol.41, Supp.1, pp.652–657

Gypsum plays a role of activator in the new cementitious materials.
Gypsum plays a role of activator in the new cementitious materials.
Changsha University of Science & Technology. 2012
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