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The oxidation/reduction potential of the catholyte was controlled by a periodic renewal of the catholyte solution when the solution was decolorized.
Analyses and calculation The potential across the resistor was measured at 1min interval using a multimeter ( Ingsens-3030, Ingsens instrument Guangzhou Inc., China), which was connected in parallel, and recorded to a personal computer through a data acquisition system16 controlled with a Labview (National Instrument Inc.
A: an oxygen-saturated aqueous; B: potassium ferricyanide solution Oxygen reduction is the most common cathodic reaction in MFCs.
The slow rate of oxygen reduction on the surface of graphite/carbon electrodes leads to a high reduction overpotential, which is among the most limiting factors in the performance of MFCs [14].

Many studies showed that 20% or less of biodiesel blends with petroleum diesel is the optimum blend to gather better effect of emissions reduction and does not require any special adjustments on engine operating conditions or modifications to the engine and fuel lines as expressed by [2,6,10,18].
Though admittedly, the use of biodiesel in diesel engines give some advantages in oil lubrication and emission reduction, but there are still doubts for boiler users, especially for commercial and industrial sectors, due to concerns about equipment compatibility, engine performance and product sustainability and cost.
In the meantime Jagadish et al. (2011) have confirmed that higher quantities of blending leads to increase of in fuel consumption, but upercharging operation resulted in reduction in fuel consumption [9].
Miller (2008) was tested animal and soy-based biodiesel in fire tube boiler, they reported some significant reductions in emissions of pollutants, but they did not find a significant difference to the efficiency of the boilers, without giving detail informations about the effects on fuel consumption [12].
Data was collected in every 10 minutes.

This is indicative of a reduction of negative charge and deep acceptor-like interface states in the oxide.
With respect to the literature data [6], MOS structures without a preliminary annealing step, using only N2O oxidation, do not show any significant reduction of Dit.
This brings out a significant improvement of the oxide quality and a reduction of the defects density at the SiO2/4H-SiC interface.
Indeed, a considerable increase of the electron channel mobility and the breakdown field of the gate oxide are observed as well as a significant reduction of the threshold voltage.

So the understanding of dislocation formation in mc-Si, and in relation to this, characterisation of resulting dislocation content of wafers from a given crystallisation process are of great significance for cost reduction efforts.
Improving the crystallization process would in general result in reduction of dislocation density and hence BAF which in turn improves Voc.
The model vs. data for wafers from position 245 and upward (right).
Since a reduction in dislocation density does not only imply improvement of the Voc level but also a reduction of its gradient from bottom to the top of the block.

In order to reduce the costs, researches on replacing Pd activating process by using thermal reduction in electroless nickel plating had carried on [2].
As the most important data of this experiment, the volume resistance indirectly obtained through QJ-23 resistance bridge.
(2) In the oxidation-reduction process, Ag+ is reduced to Ag in alkaline solution, hence, pH value should be a critical factor of silver plating.
The activitating cenospheres surface offers thixotropic cores for Ag reduction, thus, the powder load quantity has a good reason to affect the electroless plating result.
Secondly, with the powder load went on declining, –OH would ran out while Ag+ concentration stayed at high level, then the previously Ag deposit spots shall offer thixotropic cores to keep reduction reaction going on, as shown in Fig. 2 when the powder load is 16g/L, 8g/L, 4g/L and 2 g/L.

Based on the above data, can be introduced Zhangcunwan landslide trajectory equation, an approximate solution: Y1(x) = 0.001487527(276.64-x)x （2） Zhangcunwan landslide stability study under the influence of irrigation:Zhang village on the Gulf of landslides, the later generalized model, soil conditions from top to bottom, followed mainly Malan loess, Lishi loess, ancient soils, while each input parameter values , as shown in Table 1.
Chart10 .1 一The water depth is 56m Chart11.2—The water depth is 55m In this paper, based on the principle of strength reduction finite element method can assume the shape and position without prior failure surface, which is coordinating the introduction of deformation constitutive stress-strain consideration of soil, and therefore more truly reflect the state of the slope.
The basic principles of finite element strength reduction is the slope soil shear strength parameters c, ¢, are divided by the reduction rate F, get a new set of c1, ¢ t ,, that after reduction of the shear strength indicators: c1=c/F ￠1=arctan(tan￠/F) (2) Chart12 Changes graph landslide stability with the condition of the water level rises Conclusions Zhangcunwan landslide role in irrigation seepage field head elevated pore pressure, pore water pressure becomes larger; maximum shear strain stress field along with the water table to rise, and gradually increase; landslide stability also in groundwater when the level rises, the stability factor is gradually reduced, and finally sliding.

Based on the strength reduction method, the safety factor of open-pit slope is calculated.
The slip surface was gained by numerical calculation based on the strength reduction method.
Because the detailed data of the case is not available, the present paper cannot replay the shape and mode of the fault-affected rock mass failure and deformation in the plots.
The curve of safety factor of slope vs fault dips and locations is obtained utilizing strength reduction method.
Yingren Zheng & Shangyi Zhao, Application of strength reduction fem in soil and rock slope, J.

Stress rupture lives, elongation and reduction in area of each sample were determined.
The γ' Table 2 Stress rupture properties of DD6 alloy under 1070°C/140MPa after long term exposure at 980°C Exposue time, h t, h δδδδ, � ψψψψ, � 0 341.1 29.7 35.2 100 211.0 29.5 35.3 200 184.8 26.0 36.9 300 187.6 25.4 33.0 400 186.0 26.4 35.9 600 207.3 27.3 25.2 800 214.0 24.6 39.9 1000 257.0 28.6 32.9 Table 3 Stress rupture properties of DD6 alloy under 1070°C /140MPa after long term exposure at 1070°C Exposure time, h t, h δδδδ, � ψψψψ, � 0 341.1 29.7 35.2 100 235.2 18.5 39.9 200 185.7 32.2 47.7 300 176.1 27.8 47.9 400 129.6 30.5 51.6 600 102.2 38.4 55.9 800 110.5 51.0 57.4 1000 75.1 32.0 53.7 Note�Measured data in the Table are means of two specimens.
The driving forces for coarsening are the reduction in surface area at the γ-γ' interface, a reduction in the γ-γ' lattice mismatch strain, and a reduction in the modulus misfit[6].

Advantages of the process are [4]: · Reduction of number of steps for producing components
· Reduction of scrap due to elimination of flash and secondary machining operation · Reasonably high density can be obtained and the mechanical properties of P/M parts are comparable to the wrought product.
During heating the encapsulated powders were rotated for complete reduction of phosphate into iron-phosphide (Fe3P).
Results and Discussion Despite their high phosphorous contents the alloys could be successfully rolled to about 80-90% reduction.
Most of the data reported on P/M Fe-P alloys is on pressed and sintered product.

The redo potential of following material is as follows:O3(2.07),ClO2(1.511),KMnO4(1.51),Cl2 (1.36)，OCl-(0.89)，ClO2-(0.77)[1].By these data ,we would find chlorine dioxide, as a oxidant ,has significant advantages .
Generally considering , Chlorine dioxide has better adsorption and through performance on the cell wall and can be effectively oxidated enzyme having mercapto in the cell . 3.2 Disinfection by-products: Disinfection by-products of Chlorine dioxide has two parts:One part is organic matter in the process of oxidation , the other part is the inorganic matter in the process of reduction .
Inorganic byproduct of disinfection of chlorine dioxide is due to the reduction reaction of the chlorine dioxide, which mainly includes Chlorous acid root and chlorate .
Nearly 70% of chlorine dioxide immediately change into chlorous acid root in the process of reduction reaction , and the rest is in the form of chloride ion .You zuo liang think nearly 50%~70% chlorine dioxide change into ClO2 and ClO3 - ,in the process of chlorine dioxide water purification .
We usually adopt the following method,such as Joint disinfection of Chlorine dioxide and chlorine, reduce the content of precursors Reduction method ,to remove the disinfection by-products . 4.