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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) The morphology of OPEFB biomass at different processing treatments was further investigated by using SEM analysis and the morphological changes of fiber structure were observed.
The imaging settings, such as the acceleration voltage, were optimized to obtain clear and detailed pictures of the surface morphology and pore structure of the fibres.
Hussin, Nanocellulose: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications, Frontiers in Chemistry 8 (2020)
Amelia, A review on cellulose nanocrystals production and characterization methods from Elaeis guineensis empty fruit bunches, Arabian Journal of Chemistry 14(9) (2021) 103339
Zain, Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass to Nanocellulose: Structure and Chemical Process, The Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014) 631013

MOFs are a class of coordination polymers that have a crystalline solid structure with pores and voids, forming three-dimensional networks.
One example of a Ni(II)-terephthalate compound, also referred to as Ni-BDC, show 2D polymeric structure and were obtained from solvothermal method [7].
Acknowledgement All authors acknowledge the laboratory facilities and any supports provided by the Department of Chemistry, Brawijaya University.
Tuning the structure and function of metal–organic frameworks via linker design, Chem.
Li, Chapter: Hydrothermal and solvothermal syntheses, in Modern Inorganic Synthetic Chemistry, 2nd ed.

Along with the sodium-ion, potassium-ion is the prime chemistry replacement candidate for lithium-ion batteries.
Si/Sn composite nanowire films formed a spider-web-like network structure, a rod-like structure, or an aggregated structure of nanowires and nanoparticles depending on the conditions used in the plasma process [9].
Nanomaterials with remarkable specific structures indicate promising applications in the field of energy storage, electrocatalysis, and fuel cells.
BMC Chemistry 19, 233 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-025-01593-0 [8] Uchida, G., Masumoto, K., Sakakibara, M. et al. 
The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 113 (10). 2165–2175 (2009). doi:10.1021/jp810144q

β-cyclodextrin rather than polydiethylene glycol hexandioic ester played the leading role in this aspect, which was explained from the viewpoint of host-gust chemistry.
Results and Discussions It is known that the β-cyclodextrin has hydrophobic cavities, which enable encapsulation of diverse small size organic molecules by forming inclusion complexes that constitute a unique molecular discrimination structure.

A disordered structure was formed in 0.7wt% NH4F.
The surface feature took on the honeycomb-shaped structure, with the pore size of 85 nm and the tube length of 15.69 μm for 0.3 wt% NH4F.
The surface structure sustains great damage when the anodizing voltage reaches to 70 V, resulting in random porous structure.
Tubular structure can be obviously observed at lower temperature.
As the annealed temperature increased to 55 ℃, the tubular structure completely collapsed due to fast etch at higher temperature.

Introduction Under many condition, different kinds steels often are welded, for example, carbon steel and stainless steel, different structure stainless steels and so on.
In welding joint of different structure stainless steel, corrosion resistance property is a kind of important need.
Through seawater immersion test, electro-chemistry properties of welding joints were obtained.
SEM microstructure observation and analysis of 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint 50μm Fig2 The structure of 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint(SEM) Fig2 is SEM microstructure of 1Cr18Ni9Ti and 2Cr13 welding joint, From fig2, there exists certainly lath martensite structure and carbide; at the same time, residual austenite produces accompanying. finally, the microstructure of welding joint is lath martensite + residual austenite + carbide.
In practice use condition, the microstructure of 1Cr18Ni9Ti steel is single austenite, its corrosion resistance is strong, the microstructure of 2Cr13 steel is tempered sorbite, tempered sorbite belongs to double phase structure, its substance is ferrite + carbide, so its corrosion resistance is weak.

Introduction Nanocrystals are particularly attractive and extensively investigated as building blocks for larger structures because it's possible to prepare nanocrystals that are highly perfect.
Seeking the stable units that serve as the building blocks of crystals was the driven force of previous investigations on semiconductor nanoclusters whether through experiments or quantum chemistry calculations [6].
With GGA–BLYP approximation, all structures of clusters were geometry optimized without imposing any symmetry constraints, no smearing was applied to the orbital occupation, and all the clusters were in spin unrestricted states.
Various configurations of ZnnSen (n=1~13) cluster isomers were constructed according to the reported global minima, local minima structures of semiconductor clusters, fullerene, and other stable isomers from molecular dynamics calculations [7-9].
For those size smaller than 5 ZnnSen nanoclusters, the optimized lowest energy were in linear or planar structures, for those size larger than 5, ZnnSen nanoclusters were with all atoms on the surface of bubble-like nanocages, composed of {n-4} hexagons (Zn3Se3), and six rhombi (Zn2Se2) with the exception of n=5 and 7.

The central issue here is the structure formation mechanism and the development of a technology of efficient construction composites based on metallurgical waste.
Mechanism of involving technogenic products of maximum efficiency in the structure formation of construction composites At the same time, waste activity can be used in mixtures with traditional binders the structures of which are reunited due to the normally extended contact zone with the formation of diffuse interpenetrating structures (second-order curing system (CS-II) [10].
The analysis of papers on crystal chemistry and thermodynamics, of V.F.
Curing systems (CS) were understood as the result of obtaining a rock-like state as a consequence of structure formation in mixtures exposed to technological impact.
Titova, Controlling the structure of disperse-granular materials with account of their dispersion and inner forces, Construction Materials 8 (2008)

Alcoa Center, PA 15069, USA, e-mail: hasso.weiland@alcoa.com Keywords: Aluminum alloys, Zirconium, recrystallization, hot working, dislocation structure, Zener drag, solute drag Abstract Control of grain size during recrystallization of aluminum alloys is critical when tailoring material properties for structural applications.
If once nucleation has occurred, such as in Fig. 6 SEM micrograph of a large angle grain boundary in a partially recrystallized structure, showing pinning from dissolving equilibrium phases.
In the case where Zr-bearing dispersoids are present in the microstructure, recrystallization was reduced or even suppressed by pinning the dislocation structure and hence inhibiting nucleation of recrystallized grains.
[6] Studies of the Effect of Solute Segregation on the Anisotropy, Mobility and Chemistry of Grain Boundaries: Direct In-Situ Observations from the Meso- to the Atomic Scale, Mitra L.

Key technologies as feature selection of spectra data samples, data preprocessing, SVM calibration model parameters optimization and level structure for spectrum analysis of a mixed gas is proposed in the paper.
The basic structure of SVM calibration model is shown as Figure 1. …… …… Fig.1 Structure of SVM calibration model 2 SVM analysis method During the spectra analysis on the mixed gas by SVM, the key technologies include spectra data sample feature selection, data preprocessing, parameters optimization of SVM calibration model and level structure of spectrum analysis for the mixed gas.
Table 5 The examination result of mixed gas(ANN) Appraises target Methane Ethane Propane Isobutane Max AE/% 4.87% 1.22% 1.04% 1.32% Mean AE/% 0.86% 0.69% 0.31% 0.12% The maximum absolute error of the component concentration calculated for the mixed gas is of 4.87%, and the average absolute error value is of 0.86% Contrast the results in Table 4 and Table 5, under the conditions of spectra data samples are given, SVM calibration model is better than the BP neural network. 4 Conclusions The above mentioned key technology is used for mixed gas analysis, Through experiment, analysis is done on how the results are effected by the key technologies of feature selection of the spectra data sample, data preprocessing, parameters optimization of SVM calibration model and level structure of spectrum analysis for a mixture gas.
Progress in Chemistry, 2004,16(4): 528-542.