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However, TiN films predominantly grow with a columnar grain structure.
Results and discussion Magnetron filter to grain refinement of films.
It showed the size and number of MPs in MF films were all obviously decreased than AIP ones.
In contrast to AIP films, columnar grains in the MF layer decreased in the size.
The deformation around the equiaxed grains/columnar crystals interface was more consistent under the load.

The pronounce decrease in flow stress during hot deformation of Zr- alloys may be attributed to dissolution of mobile dislocations in the grain boundaries [2].
The contour number indicates the power dissipation efficiency (η) and the shaded regions indicates the unstable regions.
Fig. 4a is at deformation condition of 700oC (10-2 s-1) shows few recrystallized grains at prior β grain boundaries, which can be easily viewed in partially magnified picture (Fig. 4b) as globularized α are within the β grains.
At temperature of 815oC and strain rate of 10-2 s-1 (Fig. 4c), comparatively more recrystallized grains were observed compared to 700oC (10-2 s-1).
The coarse grains reduces the efficiency of power dissipation, and not recommended for workability.

In the water-soluble working fluids used for the machining in a machine tool, fine chips and free abrasive grains pulled out from the wheel are mixed in.
Putting the PGA flocculant into such fluid and stirring it, the flocculant will trap the chips and the abrasive grains to form a flock.
It was confirmed that the flocculant used could form a flock composed of both chips and abrasive grains.
That is, it was confirmed that the residue remained in the fluid after the magnetic adsorption removal was a small quantity of the WA abrasive grains and the component of the flocculant.
It had been confirmed prior to the experiment that there were no difference in the generating condition of the microbubbles between the hard water and the soft water, both generating a number of dense and fine bubbles.

The cumulative frequency of the grain sizes of the MgO coatings is non-round and not unimodal for the thicker coatings.
The maximum Mg grain size is about 10µm, as shown in Fig.1 (b).
A larger number of parallel microcracks can be observed clearly.
It is also found that the microcrack propagation cannot cleave into magnesium grains of about 10µm when the crack tip arrived at the grain.
That is, most microcracks propagate along grain boundaries.

(ii) Intergranular embrittlement caused by contemporary effect of diffusion of impurities and carbide coarsening at grain boundaries [2,3].
What is the cause that forces a grain boundary to fail in intergranular manner rather than transgranular?
But a number of questions are connected with relation of microscopic cohesion strength and local fracture stress, with effect of pre-strain due to cold deformation or constraint phenomena, role of cleavage nucleation micromechanism etc.
In this table, the value of dF represents ferritic grain size.
Some grain boundaries embrittlement occurred however; secondary microcracks oriented perpendicularly to major crack can be seen.

Table2.The result of orthogonal test Number Factor Index A B C D Centrifugal sedimentation rate（%） 1 1 1 1 1 23.671±0.021 2 1 2 2 2 28.826±0.009 3 1 3 3 3 31.041±0.011 4 2 1 2 3 28.138±0.020 5 2 2 3 1 31.934±0.003 6 2 3 1 2 20.042±0.019 7 3 1 3 2 31.220±0.002 8 3 2 1 3 24.221±0.031 9 3 3 2 1 27.961±0.024 k1 27.843 27.673 22.643 27.853 　 k2 26.706 28.323 28.303 26.693 k3 27.8 26.347 31.397 27.797 R 1.143 1.976 8.754 1.16 　 Table3.
Solids content（%） Total flavonoid（mg/g） Total phenolic（μg/g） Scavenging ABTS（%） Scavenging DPPH（%） Yili grain (red) 11.82 0.1586 9.667 73.22 85.61 Yili grain (black) 13.67 0.1615 11.424 60.65 80.05 Mengniu grain (red) 9.35 0.049 5.7393 72.13 49.79 Mengniu grain (black) 14.25 0.0718 8.303 73.46 60.11 Buckwheat cereal beverage 11.63 0.1258 0.3767 98.29 95.23 As shown by table 4, the total flavonoids ,total phenolic acids and solids content of buckwheat cereal beverage was similar with ordinary grain drinking.
However, the antioxidant ability was higher than ordinary grain drinkings, so drinking buckwheat cereal beverage could reduce the free radicals, thus it will beneficial to prevent some diseases and maintain good health level.
The antioxidant ability of the buckwheat cereal beverage was higher than ordinary grain drinking.
Effect of processi ng on the flavono id content in buckwheat ( Fagopyru m esculentum Moench)grain.

At slurries with low solid content, the number of particles in per unit volume decreases and particle distance increases, resulting in a reduction in the interactional force among particles such mass segregation becomes more obvious.
With the increase of sintering temperature, the irregular particles of cell struts of Al2O3 foams grow up and turn into large grains.
These large grains are closely bonded together and have more contacting area, inducing a decrease in the porosity.
The compressive strength of Al2O3 foams is strongly affected by the porosity and grains contacting area.
When the samples sintered at 1550 °C, a few grains preferentially grow very large compared to other grains, which is caused by overfiring.

The samples undergo uncontrolled and accelerated grain growth.
Upon sintering, the random grain structure produces unbalanced forces that cause the grain boundaries to move toward their centre of curvature.
Not only that, the increase of zinc content also favors grain growth.
They concluded zinc ions were an effective substitution in altering the grain boundary area.
The research was conducted at Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam, Malaysia under Grant Number 600-RMI/RAGS 5/3 (37/2015).

Over the last years, there have been an increasing number of research groups working on the preparation and characterization of ion-substituted calcium phosphates (CaP), (including β-TCP) bioceramics aiming at improvement of its bioactivity and mechanical properties [4,5].
Additionally, the temperature of β-TCP formation from Mg-substituted apatitic TCP (ap-TCP) reduces and inhibits grain growth during the sintering process.
It is observed that even a small content of Mg increase the densification and induces formation of homogenous microstructure of β-TCP bioceramics with small, uniform grains.
Additionally, higher content of Mg induces extensive sintering of β-TCP bioceramics and remarkable grain coarsening.
Remarkable effect of Mg content on grain size is shown, respectively, higher content of Mg significantly reduce the grain size of β-TCP bioceramics.

Strains are inherent and natural components of nano grained materials.
Due to the large number of grain boundaries and the concomitant short distance between them, the intrinsic strains associated with such interfaces are always present in nanophase films.
It was observed that the surface was uniform with grains distributed throughout the entire surface without any pores or cracks.
Larger grains were observed for the films deposited at 50% duty cycle.
The grain size increased with duty cycle.