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Even after years of research that have uncovered the biological and mechanical properties of the specialized connective tissue that form ligaments and tendons, there are no current treatments that can achieve the structural, functional or biochemical properties of the native ones.
The optimal seeding density is dependent on the cell source and the physical and chemical properties of the bio scaffold, as these properties affect nutrient transport and rates of consumption, as well as the chemical and mechanical stimuli provided to the attached cells.
Collagen type I is the main component of the tendon, but it has poor mechanical properties and cannot be used as a load- bearing material.
Another natural polymer used is silk fibroin, it presents good biocompatibility and has comparable mechanical properties as native tendons and ligaments.
Experimental studies of these material showed they have unsuitable mechanical properties.

The element has mechanical properties of the composite material.
Test for property parameter needs to consider size effect and reflect the construction way.
It means the shape of elastic or hardening segment is stable, but the shape of softening segment is affected by related factors.For simple sake and statistical average, the equation of >1 segment is adopted as(see Fig.1) (4) Stress and sum strain are dimensionless in the above equations.
The skeleton shape is usually affected by lateral constraint, loading mode and block category.
The experimental research of brick masonry mechanical behaviors.

When an aluminum alloy for traditional heat-resistant 2219, 2618, its working temperature exceed 200℃ after coarsening main reduce the mechanical properties significantly.
Figure 5 Polarization curves of intergranular corrosion of specimens Discussion Due to the addition of a small number of metal elements Ag, the Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy formed on the basis of Al-Cu-Mg aluminum alloy has a better aging hardening effect, because Ag causes the alloy's surface to have a strong precipitation hardening effect of the Ω phase[13], The Ω phase is a key factor affecting the mechanical properties of the Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy, so as the solid-soluble temperature rises from 505 to 515℃, the diffusion rate of the atom increases, and the Ω phase increases after 185℃\4 h aging treatment, resulting in an increase in the Ω phase.
Effects of solution treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy, J.
Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Al–Cu–Mg–Ag heat-resistant alloy modified by interrupted aging, J.
Effect of Mg composition on sintering behaviors and mechanical properties of Al-Cu-Mg alloy, J.

Ultrasonic Transducer Design via APDL Optimization Zhang Xianghuia , Li Guihua b School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China a email: zhangxianghui1@126.com, b email: liguihuatt@163.com Keywords: ultrasonic transducer; single objective optimization; APDL optimization Abstract.
Like almost all mechanical systems, the transducers are always expected to be optimal.
However, the design of sandwich ultrasonic transducers is a difficult task, because overall characteristics of piezoelectric transducers are affected by various factors such as dimensions of every part, inherent properties of materials, etc.
Table 1 gives those parameters that affect the performance of the ultrasonic transducer.
The whole transfer matrix relation for the ultrasonic transducer is derived as follows: First, the whole transducer is conside -red as a connection of a piezoelectric stack element and three mechanical elements.

From these results, the roll torque was found to be directly affected by the horizontal forces, but the rolling force was not affected.
Introduction One of the purposes for the densification of lumber is to improve its mechanical properties, including surface hardness, Young's modulus, and bending strength.
Therefore, it is important to understand the factors that affect T/2RP.
This paper examines horizontal forces F1 and F2 as the influencing factors.
The variation rates of P were not affected by (∆F1 - ∆F2).

The nature of these phenomena characterize the physical properties of the active medium which consist of [4] : - Particles defined by their size, geometry and composition
The regime of the process parameters (frequency and amplitude), treatment time, characteristics of the particle, volume of the working chamber, the degree of filling significantly affect the mechanical, geometric and metallurgical characteristics of the treated parts [5].
· For the treatment of fixed parts: (3) · For the treatment of parts freely loaded: (4) where : M : Mass of particles, V : Impact speed, Rb : radius of the ball σs : Elastic limit of the treated parts K2 : The repetitive impact coefficient of the particle in one place Km : The simultaneous action coefficient of the particles Kg : The damping properties coefficient of the active medium at the time of impact K : Recovery factor B : Coefficient determines the amount of impact energy and displacement parts freely loaded.
a and b dimensions of the contact surface, as determined by the following expressions: (6) (7) where q1 and q2 : elasticity coefficients that characterize the elastic properties of the objects in contact material
k : Recovery factor Experimental procedure The experimental tests were carried out on XC48 steel parts using a circular vibrator brand Renti CIRILLO type RC230 (Fig. 2).

Factors Affecting the Viscosity of Asphalt Grouting Asphalt grouting used in stone revetments is grouting made of bitumen, stone powder, sand, and gravel (can be added), at high temperatures with high fluidity, can fill itself into hollow slots between stones.
In addition, other physical and mechanical properties of aggregates such as solidity, aggregate origin also have significant impact on bitumen consumption, viscosity of composite materials [4, 5]
The optimal bitumen content depends on the type of bitumen, the proportion of ingredients, mechanical properties of loose materials (stone powder, sand, and gravel) and needs to be tested to determine [4, 5, 10]
As mentioned above, the physical and mechanical properties of the materials constituting the composite material have a direct effect on the viscosity of the mixture.
The influencing factors, the variability of the influencing factors (according to domestic and foreign experience), experimental scenarios are identified and experiments are conducted according to scripts.

Influence of metastable states on electrophysical properties in ferroelectric crystalline polymers V.V.
Introduction Ferroelectrics polymers based on VDF attracted the attention of researchers because of their discovery in strong piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties [1,2].
The specific properties of polymeric materials allow them to recommend the design of various power converters [1,2,3].
It is shown that at fixed value electric fields the process of polarization and the characteristics of the local piezoresponse controlled by several factors.
This leads to the observation that the piezoelectric becomes important change in geometry factor under mechanical loading of the sample ("size effect" [11,13]).

Accordingly, the effects of layers with different properties on the crystallized salt distribution and damage pattern are highlighted.
Indeed, the presence of material layers with different hygroscopic and mechanical properties can have a significant effect on the moisture transport, salt crystallization, and damage distribution, significantly affecting the environmental degradation phenomenon.
A simple benchmark is analyzed to highlight the effects of layers with different properties on the crystallized salt distribution and damage pattern.
Mechanical model.
To this aim, the physical properties of a cementitious matrix made of Portland cement binder and quartz sand, characterized according to [1], are adopted for Layer 2.

b) Mechanical properties; parameters obtained from experimental characterisation are used to design customized panel solutions in accordance to the architectural design; mechanical characterisation is also useful for comparison to natural stone material properties that have a history of successful use of general building and cladding projects.
Microstructural and Physical Properties.
Mechanical Properties.
Material properties considered for the technical specification in the case-studies.
The granite sample tested seems more adequate to be employed in the prestressed panel, since both physical and mechanical properties are higher than limestone.