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It was assumped that the number of Y-atoms plus Ba-atoms equal to Cu-atoms.
The SEM image show the grain size was calculated by Scheerer fomular[11] was about 87 nm.
The observed in the c-axis aligned grain and the magnitude of image of 40,000.
Microdiffraction pattern of particle grain size of 53.27 nm, 59.28 nm and 60.03 nm.
The grain size is higher than samples prepared by solid state reaction.

By increasing BC contents, the grain size has a little increase, as observed from Figs. 3(b,c).
Meanwhile, some abnormal grain growth behavior also can be observed from Figs. 3(b,c), which should be due to a large number of liquid phases appear in local areas under high BC doping amounts condition.
However, the addition of BC slightly reduces the average grain size as seen from Figs. 3(a-c).
This phenomenon should also be owing to the appreance of liquid phase during sintering, which makes the grains impinge upon each other and thereby inhibits the grain growth at the early stage of sintering [15].
Yoon, Abnormal Grain Growth in Alumina with Anorthite Liquid and the Effect of MgO Addition, J.

However, the size of crystalline grain of the alloy with solutionization treatment under 950 ℃ and 980 ℃ in Fig. 1 C and D increased drastically, which was harmful to the mechanical performance of the alloys.
Fig. 4 Relathionship between aging temperature and conductivity of alloy, agting time was 3 h In addition, effect of grain boundaries on the electron scattering was also not to be neglected.
Grain size was fine when the aging temperature was lower, rusulting in the increase of grain boundaries.
With the increase of aging time, grain grew up gradully, decreasing the grain boundaries.
Acknowledgements This paper was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, under Project Number J2014HGBZ0121.

The MD model was performed in the NPT (N, P and T indicate the number of atoms, pressure, and temperature, respectively) ensemble.
As loading proceeds, nanograin begin to nucleate near the area of indentation, as showing in Fig. 4(b)-(f), grain boundaries (GB) are marked.
According to Hall-Patch effect, as the size of nanograins increase, the transmission and rotation of grain boundaries become difficult, which are impeding nanograin growth[4,7], the dissociative stresses which are along the slip plane are not enough to transmit to the edge of the model, the grain stop growing in the length direction.
In this model, the average thickness of twin-related grain is <15nm, the nanoscale size grain boundaries impede the dislocation slip to grow.
Beyerlein, Atomic structures of symmetric tilt grain boundaries in hexagonal close-packed (hcp) crystals, Metall.

This increase indicates the number of atoms sputtered from the target is proportional to the DC power.
At 50 W, due to the low energy of the particle, which has the smaller surface mobility, the grain size is small.
As the sputtering power increases from 50 W to 125 W, the grains sizes of the films increases.
The grain size of the film is correlated with the surface adsorption, desorption and diffusion of the sputtered particle.
When sputtering at higher power, the particle on the surface have high surface mobility, the sputtered particles have more opportunity to reach a nuclei or a few small grain fuse to form a big grain, which limits the nuclei growth and results in wide grain structure.

After hot rolling at 960 and water quenching, grains are deformed slightly along the rolling direction (RD), and some small recrystallized grains are observed on the grain boundary due to the high rolling temperature (Fig. 1a).
Fig. 1b shows grains are elongated distinctly by cold rolling.
After solution treatment and water quenching, the microstructure mainly consists of equiaxed grains with annealing twins, and the size of grains are inhomogeneous because of being broken up by hot rolling.
There are no particles inside of the grains (Fig. 1c).
The grains elongated along the direction of rolling are quite evident, and the rolling direction is indicated in Fig. 1d.

A grain size of 100µm can be transformed to nanostructure after 16 passes of ECAE.
It is claimed that 100nm or even smaller grain sizes can be produced.
nm represents the number of passes of ECAE (rounded to the nearest integer) required to reduce of 100?
Grain size is about 24 to 30 nanometer.
After debinding and sintering, a grain size of about 30 nm was obtained.

Table 2 The statistics parameters of SPT Formation number Soil name Age Depth (m) Formation thickness (m) statistics number SPT number <1> Artificial filled soil Q4ml 1.78 3.56 2 7.5 <3-1> Silty sand Q3+4al+pl 4.925 2.73 6 15.3 <3-2> Coarse sand Q3+4al+pl 7.375 2.17 15 13.9 The Results of Liquefaction Discrimination with Different Code The seismic precautionary intensity in GUANGZHOU region is 7 degree according to the code, and the value of design basic acceleration of ground motion is 0.10g, and the design earthquake group is the first group.
（1） Where Ncr is the critical value of SPT for liquefaction discrimination; N0 is the reference value of SPT for liquefaction discrimination; ds is the depth of SPT; dw is the underground water level; ρc is sticky grain content percentage; β is adjustment coefficient.
The selection of SPT hammer number and liquefaction critical SPT hammer number can lead to different conclusion.
The value of SPT hammer number can select measured value, correction value or the modified value with practical engineering.
The computation basis of liquefaction critical value of SPT hammer number depend on the reference value of SPT hammer number, the depth of underground water level, the depth of standard penetration test , clay content and so on.

The material dependent constants p, q and s describe the powers of the strain (e), strain rate (e') and the grain size (d), respectively.
The power of grain size (s) was found to be strongly grain size dependent, decreasing nearly asymptotically with the grain size, varying from ~2.1 at the finest grain size (12 mm) to ~1.15 at large grain sizes (»800 mm), in agreement with that suggested by Fernandez et al. [10].
In addition to the above, a number of stress relaxation tests were carried out with four laboratory steels of the type C-Mn, C-Mn-Nb and C-Mn-Nb-Ti, whose compositions are also included in Table 1.
Fig. 2 Estimation of Qapp for SRX in matrix steels of similar grain sizes.
A variation in grain size can also cause some scatter.

The grain size was large (average grain diameter was about 700 µm) and the microstructure was dendritic.
The numbers against the contours represent percent efficiency and the area above the dark like indicates flow instability.
The difference in the behavior of TX32 may be attributed to the presence of Mg2Ca precipitates at the grain boundaries of its microstructure.
This has two effects on the mechanical behavior depending upon the strain rate: (1) At lower strain rates, Mg2Ca at grain boundaries reduces grain boundary sliding and reduces the creep rate. (2) At higher strain rates, Mg2Ca phase at grain boundaries may reduce the grain-boundary self-diffusion.
(5) The presence of Mg2Ca precipitates at the grain boundaries is beneficial at slow strain rates but at higher strain rates they prevent grain-boundary self-diffusion and cause hot shortness at temperatures higher than 500 o C