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In the field of sensing, WGM microresonators are receiving a growing interest as optical structures suitable for the realization of miniature sensors with high sensitivity.
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defined a biosensor as “a self-contained integrated device, which is capable of providing specific quantitative or semi-quantitative analytical information using a biological recognition element (biochemical receptor) which is retained in direct spatial contact with a transduction element”.
With reference to the optical domain, WGMs in dielectric microspherical structures are resonant electromagnetic modes having very small mode volumes and high Q values.
This bioconjugation protocol is usually based on ester chemistry. 1-Ethyl-3-[3-dimethylaminopropyl] carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) are commonly used to activate the functionalized surface [21,35].

Phosphating has long been successfully used as a method of protecting metal products and structures from corrosion.
(a)), and the green coating has a large-crystal structure and increased roughness (Fig. 3.
Tsai, Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and electrochemical behavior of manganese phosphate coating, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 102 (2-3) (2007) 207-213
Lu, Formation and corrosion resistance of a phosphate chemical conversion coating on medium carbon low alloy steel, New Journal of Chemistry. 40 (2) (2016) 1347-1353

BET results revealed the nanoporous structure of the chars.
Despite dependence of their physical and chemical properties on the initial feedstock, pyrolysis conditions and post- and pretreatments[3], carbon-enrichment plus high porosity and surface area has given chars a specific structure.
This structure is proved to affect essential soil properties such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, and retention of water and nutrients[4] yet, fundamental knowledge of the sorption mechanism is needed for engineering chars to be used in environmental applications.
The BET analysis revealed the nanoporous structure of chars and their high surface area.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(9), 5538-5544

FTIR, TGA, tensile tests and water uptake measurements were applied to characterize the structure, thermal stability, mechanical properties and water absorption of the CP-sheets.
Structure, thermal and mechanical properties and water absorption of the sheets were characterized by FTIR, TGA, mechanical strength measurements and water absorption tests.
Structure, thermal stability, tensile properties, and water absorption of the CP-sheets were investigated.
March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (3rd ed.).

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze Fe content, micro morphology, particle size and phase structure of the products.
The micro morphology and phase structure have been studied in details.
Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the micro morphology, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the phase structure of the product.
As can be seen from Figure 1, the magnetic micro-spheres are basically spherical, and the core-shell structure is clear.
Wang, Preparation and applied development of magnetic polymer microspheres in analytical chemistry, Mat.

An olivine structure was obtained by heating at 973 K under argon/hydrogen (5%) atmosphere.
Their physical chemistry characteristics and the electrochemical properties of LiMnPO4 were investigated.
The crystal phases of all samples had an olivine structure with a Pmnb space group; no impurity phase peak was observed.
Therefore, no evidence for diffraction peaks for crystalline carbon appeared in the diffraction patterns throughout the temperature range; this indicates that the carbon generated from organic materials was amorphous carbon and that the presence of carbon did not influence the crystal structure of LiMnPO4.
The crystal phase of C/LiMn1-XMXPO4 (M = Mg, Zn) had an olivine structure.

The structure of diblock was showed by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance.
Introduction Diblock copolymers with well-defined structure were synthesized by using living polymerization, which has become increasing important in the macromolecule synthetic field.[1~3] In recent years, there were major synthetic methods such as anionic polymerization [4], cationic polymerization [5], nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization[6], atom transfer radical polymerization[7,8] and so on.
This system could continue reaction and synthesized PS-b-P4VP with well-definde structure.
These results indicate that the chemical structure of synthesized diblock polymer is consistent with that of the polystyrene-b-poly(4-vinylpyridine), and the TEMPO-OH is capped at the one end of the copolymer chains.
Polymer Chemistry.

Composite material composed of hydroxyapatite (HAp) and structural proteins, such as type I collagen or cross-linked gelatins, were synthesized at 37.4°C by hydrolysis of alpha tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) in the presence of these protein structures.
Rates of HAp formation depend on protein structure.
The literature commonly considers mixing of HAp with collagen, but there is little published work has focused on the effect of collagen on the morphology, mechanical properties and the chemistry of the hydration of α-TCP.
Gelatin has a similar structure to collagen and dissolves in aqueous solution.

Hydrothermal treatment technique, which establishes the nanotubes structure in one step in a tightly closed vessel, is considered as simpler, low-cost wet chemistry route and more favorable for large-scale reaction in comparison to other methods.
The crystalline structure is still dominated by the sodium-titanate phase, instead of anatase TiO2.
Based on XRD analysis, it was found the crystalline structure of the as-dried nanotubes consists of a sodium titanate.
However, such technique has destroyed the nanotube structure due to excessive crystallite growth.
Von Dreele, General Structure Analysis System (GSAS), Los Alamos National Laboratory Report LAUR 86-748 (2004)

Bergman 1,b 1 Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology.
A combination of back polishing, etching in molten KOH and optical microscopy revealed the geometrical structure of the stacking fault inside the epilayer.
In order to reveal the structure and formation of these SFs inside the epilayer a combination of back polishing, etching in molten KOH and optical microscopy was performed in three steps on a ~ 54 µm thick epilayer, starting from the as-grown epilayer surface.
The geometrical structure of the SF, formed based on these results, is found to be consistent with the panchromatic CL and X-ray topographic images taken from the same SFs.