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The ZnO crystal and particles’ morphology and structure were determined using X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM).
This was performed to get a metal oxide nanoparticle structure.
X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal and phase structure of the synthesized ZnO powder.
It is clear that all of the peaks in Fig.2 matched with the standard JCPDS cards of ZnO (JCPDS 79-2205) with a wurtzite hexagonal structure.
Yang, Solution-grown zinc oxide nanowires, Inorganic chemistry. 45 (2006) 7535-7543

In a previous study, we have reported that sodium removal by dilute hydrochloric acid (HCl) converted the sodium titanate layer on the surface of an alkali-treated porous titanium into titania with a specific structure that has better bioactivity than sodium titanate.
Several methods to add bioactivity to porous metals have beeen reported.[2,3] However, it is difficult to produce bioactive properties on the entire inner pore surface of porous structures.
(Fig. 1) This microporous structure by HCl-AH treatment have possessed a more complex surface than by W-AH treatment [2].
The W-AH group showed small XRD peaks that were ascribed to sodium titanate and rutile structures.
We have shown previously that HCl-AH treated implants have better osteoinductivity in ectopic site of canines than W-AH treated implants because of the surface chemistry (titania formation and sodium removal) and surface topography changes.[7,9] Therefore it was expected that the surface characteristics of HCl-AH treated implants would be effective for osteoconduction.

Activated carbon (AC) was used as a powerful adsorbent for wastewater treatment because of its large specific surface area, porous structure, high inertia and thermal stability, and enriched surface functional groups [6-9].
Characterization of adsorbent The crystalline structure of the synthesized samples was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns recorded on a Rigaku Ultima IV X-ray diffractometer (Japan) at 40 kV/30 mA using Cu-Kα radiation (λ = 1.5406 Å) in the scanning range 2θ of 10 – 80o.
After carbonization and magnetization processes, LPSs became Fe3O4-NPs/AC, which was presented in particle size of about 10 – 50 µm with a high porous structure (Figure 3b).
[21] Yang X, Zhang X, Ma Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Chen Y, Superparamagnetic graphene oxide–Fe3O4 nanoparticles hybrid for controlled targeted drug carriers, Journal of Materials Chemistry, 19 (2009) 2710. doi:10.1039/b821416f
[31] Grana A, Reporting physisorption data for gas/solid systems with special reference to the determination of surface area and porosity, Pure and Applied Chemistry, 57 (1955) 603-619. doi: 10.1351/pac198557040603

INTRODUCTION Semiconductor nanoparticles have received much more attentions in the field of materials and chemistry recently.
Therefore it has been concluded that the synthesized CdSe nanoparticles are having face centered cubic structure [21-24].
The sharp and strong peak around 200cm-1 and 410cm-1 is assigned to the high frequency branch of the T2 mode, which is the strongest mode in the Zinc blende crystal structure.
Gonzalez-Hernandez, Growth technology X-ray and optical properties of CdSe thin film, Journal of Materials Chemistry and Physics. 113 (2009) 824–828
Sarkar, CdSe nanoparticles grown via radiolytic methods in aqueous solutions Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 80 (2011) 736–741

Series alkyl benzyl sulfonates with different structures were synthesized and evaluated by RIPED[9-10].
Oilfield Chemistry. 2001, Vol.18, No.4, p330-333 [6] Ren Minghong,Dong Ling.
J Oilfield Chemistry, 2000, Vol.17, No.1 [13] LI Gan-Zuo, SHEN Qiang, ZHENG Li-Qiang, MAO Hong-Zhi.
J Oilfield Chemistry, 1999, Vol.16, No.1 [14] ZHENG Da-feng, QIU Xue-qing, LOU Hong-ming.
The structure of lignin and its chemical modification.

The structure for the mullite coating is an amorphous one although that for the zirconia coating is a crystal one.
For mullite, melting, evaporation and decomposition of the structure are enhanced although for zirconia the raw structure remains.
In the coating structure, as shown in Fig. 5, a TiN, Ti2N and Ti mixed layer is observed with the 6-mm-diameter cathode.
Plasma Chemistry (ISPC), Praha, 1999, p. 1977
Plasma Chemistry (ISPC), Orleans, 2001, p. 2219

Though alternative initiation mechanisms for the generation of the active trivalent carbenium ions have been proposed [5], the carbonium initiation mechanism constitutes an attractive and plausible pathway that is seeing increased research interest from both experimental and computational chemistry.
Odd n-alkanes with nC � 11 have an orthorhombic crystalline structure and with such a mode of packing the nearest neighboring C-H bond (of adjacent molecules) to a primary radical site belongs to a chain-end methyl group, as can be seen in Fig. 3.
Alternatively, the presence of radical transformation in �irradiated odd n-alkanes with nC � 11 in CCl3F constitutes unambiguous evidence that the alkane nanoparticles do not pack according to the orthorhombic crystalline structure [11].
In view of general considerations on the crystallization of n-alkanes, it can be concluded that in such a case they are amorphous with no specific structure at all.
Valence bond resonance structures of penultimate C-H protonated n-alkanes.

However, due to its molecular structure, it exhibits poor mechanical properties.
Otherwise, the resin tends to form a three-dimensional network skeleton structure as its content increases.
This implies that overlapped filler particles lead to the formation of microvoids inside the composite structure, which produces a brittle structure of composites [19].
Caes, et al., Biomass to furanics: renewable routes to chemicals and fuels, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. 3 (2015) 2591-2605
Klushin, et al., Technological aspects of fructose conversion to high-purity 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, a versatile platform chemical, Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry. 52 (2016) 767-771

Due to its complicated structure and its resistence to microbial attack, Lignin becomes the main pollutant in lignocellulose process industry [6].
With the abundant hydroxyl groups and other polar groups in its structure, chains of lignin may interact with each other by intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen groups.
Effects of different kinds of acids for lignin's structure, Molecular weight, and glass transition temperature were discussed.
It could be concluded that the soft organic carboxylic acids have no effect on the structure of lignin.
Luo: Study on extraction of high purified lignin and its thermoplastic modification (Chemistry Industry Press, Beijing 2007)

The resulting material has dehydroxylated anhydrous structure but fibrous morphology remains unchanged.
Structure of the burned asbestos cement roofing is shown in Fig. 1 and 2.
An example of the structure prior and after burning the sample W2 is shown in Fig. 2.
Urso, Crystal chemistry of the high temperature product of transformation of cement-asbestos, J.
Taylor, Cement Chemistry, Academic Press (1990).