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.%, with the increase of titanium content, a small number of cracks begin to appear.
When the titanium content exceeds 13wt.%, with the increase of titanium content, a small number of cracks begin to appear.
Therefore, in addition to intergranular cracks, there are also a small number of transgranular cracks in the cracks, as shown in Fig. 5.
Factors affecting toughness of Fe-Cr-C coating include grain size, inclusions and morphology of carbides.
When the Ti content exceeds 13 wt.%, a small number of cracks begin to appear with the increase of Ti content

It is commonly accepted that variable stresses with constant amplitude of values below 0.4 of the fatigue limit do not cause plastic strain in grains (lines and slip bands), thus they do not affect the fatigue life.
Variability of the number of cycles at stress level 1 (col.4) was provided by variability of the spectral absorption coefficient ζ (col. 5) in a wide range of values from 0,325 to 0,875.
Averaged numbers of program λ0 (col. 6) repetitions were determined on the basis of tests of 15 specimens, according to the program depicted in fig.1 b, whereas the number of repetitions of programs λc (col. 7) according to the scheme demonstrated in fig.1a, was determined on the basis of tests of total 48 specimens.
On the x axes there are given values of the spectral absorption coefficient ζ ,whereas on the axis of coordinates there is given the ratio of the number of periods λ0 until fatigue crack initiation, for which the level of stresses below the fatigue limit (Sa2 < S f(-1)) is omitted, according to fig.1b, to the number of periods λc until fatigue crack initiation, for tests with a full program of stresses (Sa1 i Sa2) - according to fig.1a.
Moreover, particular lines of the chart are supplied with different points: referring to the program form defined by the ratio of the number of cycles corresponding to level 1 – n01 to the number of cycles in the program period n0.

However, it is not possible to completely avoid the formation of martensitic grains in welding-grade wire rod.
Currently, the mechanisms and causes of formation of martensitic grains remain a subject of debate and are poorly understood [1–7].
Additionally, relatively uniformly distributed individual martensite grains were observed in the plane of the polished section (some of them are marked with circles in Fig. 1), exhibiting high hardness (731–897 HV0.1).
These grains were located mainly along the boundaries of ferrite grains, and in some cases, within the grains themselves.
Acknowledgement This material was created with the support of the project “Establishing the features of the formation of the structural state and properties of rolled steel from alloyed Cr-Mo-V steels to increase its deformability in the production of welding materials” (state registration number of the research work: 0125U000021).

The SEM observations showed a large amount of white grains were uniformly distributed in the matrix of the alloys substituted by Al, Ti and the variation of microstructure led to promoted electrochemical properties. 1.
A large amount of white grains are found uniformly distributed in the matrix of the alloys substituted by Al, Ti leading to the promoted electrochemical properties.
Vol. 28(2)(2002), p.34 Discharge capacity [mAh·���@ cycle number Discharge capacity [mAh·���@ cycle number Fig. 5 Discharge capacity of Mg-based hydrogen storage alloys prepared by two-step process (a) (b)

So the level of soil quality, not only with large, small grain aggregates related to the role itself, but also their composition ratio of the distribution.
In the surface (0 ~ 20cm) of water stable aggregates <0.25mm maximum (up to 52.262%), indicating that the majority of soil aggregate size of a large number of water-stable groups. 1 ~ 0.5mm diameter followed.
One reason is that as microbial carbon source, to promote soil microbial content increased, resulting in the formation of soil aggregates caused by the adhesive, so that the number and aggregate stability increased; the other hand, natural secondary forest soil in a large number of dead roots in the decomposition process in improving soil structure [7].
Additionally, the large number of forest litter and soil organic matter content accumulated more, can promote the formation of soil aggregates.
Aggregates of different grain to maintain soil nutrient supply, composed of pores, hydraulic properties and biological role of different sports, so the aggregate of the total, based on the aggregate size distribution and soil quality closer.

It can be seen that the material exhibits a single phase homogeneous microstructure consisting of equiaxed fcc grains containing annealing twins.
As can be seen, plastic deformation produced several interesting sets of fine parallel intragranular striations within the interior of the fcc grains.
The number of (a) 40 45 50 55 Intensity (a.u
According to Fig. 4, these increments are associated with thickening and increasing numbers of intragranular striations and the appearance of hcp platelets in the microstructures of aged specimens.
The increase in thickness and number intragranular striations observed in the material after aging at 800 °C offers some support to this argument.

The earlier studies have shown that the surface modification with TiNi-based materials with shape memory allows you to control technological heredity [8] and achieve sustainable results in a number of quantitative characteristics (surface roughness, grain size, fractal dimension, adaptability), and in a complex of properties (microhardness, cyclic durability, endurance limit, the rate of wear).
HVOF process was carried out on the modernized GLC apparatus (patent number 2,535,432), equipped with a vacuum chamber, a device for moving the burner flame of HVOF, technological module for ion cleaning of components surfaces, the device supplying the liquid nitrogen, gas supply system, a device for SPD cover.
Architecture composition requirements imposed to each layer and efficiencies are shown in Fig. 1; - perform preparatory operations (surface cleaning, grinding and mechanical activation of the powders after determining chemical and grain-size composition).
Friction-mechanical fatigue tests were made on the four-position machine (patent number 2,140,066).
After a high-speed gas-flame spraying and surface plastic deformation of Ti30Ni50Hf20 we obtain nano-scale structure with a grain size of 115-187 nm with reversible deformation up to 2.2% (Figure 4).

There are two main approaches to synthesize materials with ultra fine-grained structures.
(a) (b) Al (111) Al (200) (c)estimate the mean grain size D.
Numbers represent the number of TE passes.
Varyukhin: Ultrafine Grained Materials II (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale 2002), p. 297
Salimgareyev: Ultrafine Grained Materials II (The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale 2002), p. 43

It can be explained by the accumulation of dislocations as the number of deformation cycles increases.
Usually the precipitations form on the grain boundaries, where the energetic conditions are optimal.
Moreover the grain refinement and the formation of sub-grains increases the strength.
The average grain size weighted by the area is given about 84 nm after the accumulated strain reaches the value of about 10.
Iranian Journal of Materials Science & Engineering Vol. 7, Number 2, , 14-21

"Regulations of the road test" JTJ51-93 in the account of the bearing ratio (CBR) test method (T0134-93) noted: "according to the method of five layers, each layer to sample (fine grained soils) about 900 g ~ 1100 g (coarse grained soil); according to the method of attack, three layer must sample of about 1700 g per layer".Here according to the method of five layers of the compaction still with a big barrel rather than a small tube.
In fact as long as according to the principle of compaction work the same, can be in accordance with the three layers of conversion method, the total number of compaction, such as five layer in real time, and each layer of the compaction 59 three layers with the compaction of each layer of 98 times of the same (refer to the inorganic binder stabilized soil test procedures JTJ057-94 "inorganic binder stabilized soil compaction test"), then the three layers of the five layers of 50 times is the same as the compaction method, the number of each layer of the compaction is should be 30 times, corresponding with the method of three layers of each layer of the compaction 30 times of five layers, each layer of the compaction times should be 18 times.
In order to reduce the error of the different test ways to bring, also need to point out is the five layer method applies only to the biggest diameter of fine grained soil is less than 5 mm, because the maximum size is 25 mm medium grained soil, five layers total height is 125 mm, more than a test tube height of 120 mm, while the coarse grained soil.
Table 1 Bearing ratio of cohesive soil test results Serial number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Load(MPa) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.74 0.92 1.04 1.1 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.38 Deformation(0.01mm) 50 100 160 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Table 2 Bearing ratio of gravel soil test results Serial number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 load(MPa) 0.20 0.36 0.52 0.74 0.96 1.20 1.48 1.81 2.12 2.40 2.75 3.1 Deformation(0.01mm) 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 Fig 1.