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In addition, the crack opening can be inhibited when achieves the layer with a modified texture due to the high mutual misorientation of grains of different layers and the necessity of changing the moving crack plane, what requires an increasing of applied stresses.
I.e. the majority of the grains in the inner layers oriented so that their crystallographic planes {001-111} and {554} are parallel to the rolling plane (RP) of the sheet and crystallographic directions <110>, <112> and <225> ||RD.
It should be noted that number of SCC defects in MPG2 is higher than in MGP1.
Internal and external layers should be sharply different in texture, because the cracks propagation slows down or stops when reach the layer with a modified texture due to high mutual misorientation of grains and the necessity of changing the plane of moving cracks.
Arafin, A new understanding of intergranular stress corrosion cracking resistance of pipeline steel through grain boundary character and crystallographic texture studies, Corrosion Science, 51 (2009) 119-128.

Fig.1 shows the evolution of Rs as a function of ED for various numbers of pulses.
Whatever the number of pulses, Rs values remain above that of the reference.
Evolution of the sheet resistance after NLA on 80 nm Ni/4H-SiC stack as a function of pulse number and ED.
Raman spectra in those craters (Fig.2) reveal an interesting Silicon (Si) signature, likely associated with the formation of Si grains, as observed by Rascunà et al. [2] using STEM cross sections.
Between protrusions, the reacted layer clearly contains silicide crystalline grains and a relatively rough interface with SiC.

Grain boundary diffusion is described by Fisher’s model (law t1/4) [4].
We consider odd number of jumps since we want to investigate the root-mean-square distance value for N→¥.
Dislocation pipe inside the grain Diffusion cone Substance B, a polycrystal grain Substance A Lattice layer thickness x(tB) X(tB) Fig. 3.
Recent Advances and Unsolved Problems of Grain Boundary Diffusion.
Theory of Grain Boundary Diffusion.

Microstructural features / processing adversely influencing ductility, toughness 3.1 Beta grain size The beta phase grain size has an important effect on ductility.
It can be seen that beta grain size had no effect on yield stress of the material.
Table 1 Dependence of strength and ductility of β-CEZ alloy on β grain size [4].
Grain boundary a also facilitates crack propagation.
Ward, Aging response of coarse- and fine-grained β titanium alloys, Mater.

The following results were obtained for the deformation of wood. (1) The deformation modes of cell structures and the locations where deformation is generated were clarified. (2) The characteristics of the compression of layered structures were clarified. (3) The deformation of wood was largely affected by structural features such as the grain, distribution of tree rings, and compression direction.
Table 1 summarizes the results of measurements of displacement and reduction for each layer against varying reduction, which is identified by a layer number.
(4) The deformation of wood is largely affected by structural features such as the grain, distribution of growth rings, and compression directon.
Layer Number Height before compression (mm) Height after compression (mm) Displacement (mm) Reduction (%) Total Reduction (%) 1 1.48 0.56 0.91 61.9 3.2 2 1.62 0.77 0.84 52.2 2.9 3 1.83 0.77 1.05 57.7 3.6 4 1.41 0.49 0.91 65 3.2 5 1.26 0.63 0.63 50 2.2 6 1.26 0.56 0.70 55.6 2.4 7 0.84 0.42 0.42 50 1.5 8 0.91 0.42 0.49 53.8 1.7 9 2.32 1.34 0.98 42.4 3.4 10 1.83 0.84 0.98 53.8 3.4 11 2.04 0.98 1.05 51.7 3.6 12 3.44 1.90 1.55 44.9 5.3 13 4.57 1.62 2.95 64.6 10.2 14 4.15 2.95 1.19 28.8 4.1 28.9 14.3 14.7 50.8 [2] R.M.

Niobium (Nb), vanadium (V), and titanium (Ti) are strong carbide and nitride formers which tend to hinder the movement of grain boundaries, thus reducing the grain size by making grain growth more difficult.
The reduction in grain size in HSLA steels increases their strength and toughness at the same time.
Therefore, efforts have been made to try to grain refine the weld fusion zone.
To a certain extent the HAZ size reflects on the grain coarsening and toughness; a larger/wider HAZ indicates larger grains in the HAZ and thus poor toughness and a narrower HAZ indicates finer grain size and better toughness [32].
Solidification cracking, shown in Fig. 2 is intergranular, that is, along the grain boundaries of the weld metal [35].

A large number of experiments indicate that the SFE is a very efficient parameter to predict the deformation mechanisms in FCC metals.
Both alloys are showing continously developing low angle grain boundaries (LAGBs) starting in the vicinity of high angle grain boudaries (HAGBs).
In the early stages of the deformation they are following the shape of the grains but as the deformation is proceeding further they are moving more and more towards the inside of the grains.
In fact, twins are more frequent in grains with more LAGBs.
The coloring is corresponding to the grains’ Schmid factor using the {1-10}<111> slip system.

The CBN grain size and bond phase affect the PCBN machining performances.
Nanosized-coating composites promise high temperature hardness, strength and fracture toughness due to their having a greater number of grain boundaries, which is directly related to the decreased size of each grain.
Ultra Fine Grain Carbide.
The solid tools made of ultra fine grain carbide and coated tools are also used in the high speed machining of super alloys.
Ultra fine grain carbide and diamond tools are suited for high speed machining of this kind of alloy.

In CR50, grains appear elongated with bands-like features within the grains (Fig. 3a).
As the strain level increases in the CR80, the grains get further elongated and microstructure becomes unstable with several shear bands cutting through the grains (Fig. 3b).
It can be observed that with increasing rolling strain, the grain size after annealing decreases.
The rolled samples show higher hardness than that of STQ condition, due to higher number of defects.
A subsequent annealing of the rolled material leads to fine equiaxed grains

The different results of amorphous and crystalline SiO2 nano-films simply show that film thickness and grain morphology will cause different effects on thermal conductivity.
Despite these studies, how the thickness direction and grain morphology affect thermal conductivity remains to be explored.
The unit cells of amorphous and crystalline SiO2 are cubes with side length of 2.14nm and 0.716nm, the density are 2200kg/m3 and 2170kg/m3, and the atom numbers including are 648 and 24, respectively.
Additionally, the differences between amorphous and crystalline SiO2 simply indicate that size effect of thermal conductivity comes from film thickness and grains morphology.
The size effect of thermal conductivity is proved to be from thickness and grains morphology.