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The diffusion of Bi-species into ZrO2 is noted in Fig. 4(b) along YSZ grain boundary, especially the interface without the growth of Zn2SiO4 crystals.
The YSZ grains could act as the nuclei for the growth of Zn2SiO4 crystals.
Bi2O3 diffused slightly into YSZ along the grain boundary at 650oC and the Bi-species did not apparently react with YSZ.
Acknowledgement The authors like to acknowledge the funding given by National Science Council, ROC, in the contact number NSC95-2221-E-002-161 Acknowledgement The authors like to acknowledge the funding given by National Science Council, ROC, in the contact number NSC95-2221-E-002-161 References [1] J.

A longer holding time allows greater grain growth, and bigger mean grain size after sintering.
Kim et al. [13] reported that a small mean grain size contributes to the improvement of translucency.
The Zirconia translucency is correlated with the grain size and wavelength of the incident light [12].
Celik, The effect of ceramic thickness and number of firings on the color of two all-ceramic systems, J.
Xia, Nano grain sized zirconia–silica glass ceramics for dental applications, J.

Microscopic analysis shows that: - The base material highlights a structure formed by polyhedral (equiaxial) grains, specific to an annealing heat treatment, that determined a slight recrystallization of the grains; - In the heat affected zone grains of the same size as those in the base material can be observed, these keeping their predominantly polyhedral shape.
A small number of grains have been plastically deformed as a result of the welding process; - As we approach the nugget area, it can be observed that in the thermo-mechanically affected zone, the structure has flow zones, in which the material has been deformed.
In these flow directions, the grains were strongly deformed, showing elongated shapes.
An alternation is observed between the areas where the grains keep their polyhedral shape and the flow strips, with strongly deformed grains; - The nugget area is an area where the material has been subjected to high temperatures and stresses, which resulted in the plastic deformation of most grains.
A small amount of the grains shows no signs of deformation (due to recrystallization of the material), but show a dimensional increase (compared to TMAZ) due to the high temperatures that have been reached in this area; - In general, the structural non-uniformities of the grains are due both to the uneven distribution of the stress field in the material and to the dynamics of recrystallization during the welding process which does not generate a uniform thermo-deformational field.

This paper uses the light blockage method, the microfluidic detection chip for hydraulic oil detection has been designed and fabricated, a simple and effective optical detection system is developed with the signal amplification and data collection to achieve the detection of tiny particles, and finally through the JAVA programming to count the number of particles in which the diameter is more than 20μm.
During the normal working condition of hydraulic equipment, the abrasive grain in hydraulic oil has a constant concentration and smaller size (usually the size is in the range of 10~20μm).
If abnormal wear occurs, the concentration of abrasive grain will increase and the diameter of particles will increase to 50~100μm [3].So the counting detection of small particles in hydraulic oil has important significance.
The program firstly extracted each trough values from signal pulse, and then each trough values were compared with the lowest reference signal amplitude, if more than 0.1V, count +1, and so on, until the program is running, the count number is the number of particles with the size larger than 20μm.
Fig. 8 Program running result After running the program, the number of the troughs and the effective number of pulse waveform are consistent, meanwhile gives the corresponding pulse amplitude, which proved the feasibility of this program.

A cluster consists of a large number of point defects, which grows by absorbing point defects and shrinks by emitting them.
(3) The point defect sinks included in this model are dislocation loops, voids, dislocations, grain boundaries and surfaces.
is the average number of point defects in calculated interstitial clusters.
The capture coefficient for surfaces and grain boundaries can be structured as: where for grain boundary case and for surface case.
Massih, Kinetics of fission product gas release during grain growth.

Coatings generated by cathodic arc deposition are dense with small grain size.
Also, preferred orientation of grains that often occurs contributes to good ductility in these coatings.
A solution to the problem on hand is to use some other parameter(s) such as elemental information to restrict the search and limit the number of phases.
This greatly reduces the number of prospective candidate phases.
After the phase was identified, a full EBSD scan was carried out and the grain orientations were mapped.

Concrete, despite its remarkable properties, has a number of significant drawbacks.
When controlling the quality of concrete by directional regulation of the concrete composition, a large role is assigned to the formation of a mechanically active framework of aggregate grains [1, 11, 14].
The generally recognized principles for the formulation of rational aggregate mixtures are the compact, sequential filling of the voids of the first fraction - the coarse aggregate with a smaller one, taking into account the coating of coarse grains with a cement test or by spreading them with a mortar mixture.
Much attention is paid to the intra-fraction distribution of grains of coarse aggregate [1, 23].
In this case, the total volumetric number of components remains constant.

Introduction The relation between yield strength, tensile ductility and micro structural features such as solute in solution, grain size, and intermetallic volume fraction and morphology of HPDC Mg-Al alloys is not well understood [1-5].
A large number of studies have been carried out in AM series alloys aimed at assessing the effect of Al content [9-11], section thickness and casting shape, as well as assessing the effects of the skin [1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 12] and the porosity level [13, 14] on the tensile behavior.
Thus, in the current study a number of Mg-Al alloys, with Al contents between ~ 0.5 and 12 mass%, have been HPDC and subject to tensile testing and microstructural characterization.
It is seen that while the microstructure of the 0.5 mass%Al alloy exhibits little more than grain boundaries and twins, at 4 mass% a network of closed cell intermetallics appears near the surface, an effect associated to the so called skin effect [5].
There may be other factors involved, though, such as a reduction in the grain size, which would increase the overall strength.

Introduction The morphology of powders is controlled by growth mechanism and interaction between grains in the process of powders preparation by hydro-chemistry method.
Variation of technological conditions influences nucleation and growth mechanism and interaction between grains.
Magnetic field of current-carrying solenoidal inductor: (a) magnetic field of finite-length solenoidal inductor, (b) magnetic field at O point The magnetic induction intensity at O point can be expressed as[11]: (1) The integral result of formula (1) is as follows: (2) Where μ0 is permeability; R and l are radius and length of the solenoidal respectively; n is turn number per length; I is current strength.
It can be indicated by formula (2) and (3) that the Lorentz force of the charged particles in reaction system is connected to turn number of solenoidal, current strength, velocity of the charged particle, electric quantity of particle and the position of particle.
The crystal grains grow by means of disoriented aggregation (Fig.5).

The layer number of bar is 2 and 4.
Soil weight percentage pi% less than a certain grain diameter Soil particle grain diameter di/mm Fig.1 Grain composition curve Analysis of test result Fig.2 show that principal stress difference increase gradually with the increase of axial strain, and the stress does not peak value.
But for a number of layers of reinforcement swelling soils, many reinforcement materials is in elastic state, they can take the shear stress of soils.