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The morphology and structure of ZnO nanorod arrays were investigated using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Effect of the crystalline structure on the ZnO nanorods grown on the ITO surface is also presented here.
It was found that a dominant peak which can be assigned to (002) plane of ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure (JCPDS No file: 36-1451) appeared at around 2θ of 34.5° and additional three small peaks corresponding to lattice planes of (100), (101) and (102) were also obtained at 31.9º, 36.4° and 47.8º, respectively.
This unique structure was promisingly used in sensor application where the defect site may provide larger surface area for the gas interaction [17].
Cai, Journal of Solid State Chemistry 178 (2005) 1864

The film structure and surface morphology of YNiBi thin films were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).
Half-Heusler phases XYZ, which crystallize in the cubic MgAgAs-type structure with space group, are ternary compounds involving two different transition metals X and Y and one main group element Z [3,4].
The crystalline structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/Max2500V+/PC ) with Cu Kα radiation.
In addition, relative to sample (a), the YNiBi (200) peak of sample (b) and (c) shifts to the direction of high angle, suggesting that these two films have slightly smaller lattice constants, or they might contain large stress inside the film structure.
Progress in Solid State Chemistry. 39, 1-50 (2011)

Submerged Electrical Arc Discharge for Nanoparticles Fabrication Using Carbon-Based Electrodes Miftahul Anwar1,a, Teguh Endah Saraswati2,b* and Ahmad Bahrudin2,c 1Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sebelas Maret University 2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Science, Sebelas Maret University Jl.
An amorphous structure is shown in Fig. 3(c), which is in a good agreement with XRD profile in Fig. 2(b).
Fig. 4(b) shows single-layer graphene mixed with an irregular structure forming when the current is 70 A.
The powder that remained in suspension showed similar structures.
Graphite based-electrodes produce different carbon nanostructures; these structures vary based on the current source applied.

Structure and mechanical behavior of Al-Sc alloys Yu.
The additions of Sc have eliminated the dendrite structure and leads to the formation of a finegrained equiaxial structure in as cast condition.
Evolution of structure at strain ageing in Al-Sc alloys.
And at higher concentration of Sc amorphous structure with nanosize Al particles was obtained.
Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry 146 (2004) 119-124

Panfilov, Evolution of structure and charge of soot aggregates during and after formation in a propane/air diffusion flame, Journal of Aerosol Science 34(4) (2003) 383-403
Orszulik (Eds.), Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2010, pp. 293-324
Gergel, Detergents/dispersants, Chemistry and technology of lubricants, Springer1994, pp. 62-82
Purnomo, Optimization and characterization of facile synthesis of pentaethylenehexamine-terminated polyisobutylene, RASĀYAN Journal of Chemistry (2021) 40-46
Rudnick, Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications, CRC Press2017

Particle packing model are always utilized to investigate and predict micro structure performance of material.
Two main problems exist on it: On one hand, 3D spheres packing model provide an intuitive structure to investigate porosity of resin concrete.
To better analysis micro structure performance of resin concrete, slice of model is vital.
Furnas: Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 23 (1931) No.9, p1052.

Synthesis of Bismuth Nanoparticles by a Simple One-Step Solvothermal Reduction Route Maolin Zhang1,a, Chen Feng1, Wenxing Zhang2, Xiaowen Luan1, Jian Jiang1 and Longfeng Li1,b 1 School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, China 2 School for the Gifted Young, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China azhangml@chnu.edu.cn, bcorresponding author. lilongfeng@chnu.edu.cn Keywords: Bismuth; Nanoparticle; Preparation; Solvothermal reduction Abstract.
The results demonstrate that the synthesized powders has a rhombohedral crystalline structure and their diameters are in the range of 75 – 103 nm under the condition of the different initial bismuth nitrate concentrations with the reduction temperature of 200˚C, indicating that the thermal reduction temperature and the initial bismuth nitrate concentrations are key factors for phase composition as well as crystal size.
In the synthesis process, uniform hydrolysis of Bi(NO3)3•5H2O was accomplished via its own crystallization water, followed by the ethylene glycol-thermal reduction reaction of Bi (III) in ethylene glycol acting as the reducing agent and the stabilizing agent, and then the bismuth nanoparticles with stable crystal structure were obtained.
Chen, Syntheses and characterizations of bismuth nanofilms and nanorhombuses by the structure-controlling solventless method, Inorg.

X-ray diffraction results show that the coating fabricated at current of 300A has an amorphous structure.
For these excellent properties the amorphous coating has been applied in many aspects such as mechanical, aerial, chemistry and communication [5].The size of amorphous alloys is a very important factor for their application.
The coating fabricated at plasma current of 300A exhibits the typical spectra of the alloy with a broad halo peak, indicative of Fig.2 XRD patterns of the amorphous alloys coating fabricated in different spraying current a)300A b)400A c)500A fully amorphous structure.
The coating has a dense structure due to two aspects.

The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement indicates that the pores of composite films get uniform and network structure is more and more compact with compared to pure PLA film.
With the laponite added, the pores of composite films get uniform and network structure is more and more compact than PLA film.
Fig.4 Cross-section SEM morphologies of PLA and laponite-PLA composite films Conclusion The studies on the structure and property of PLA in the presence of laponite can lead to the following conclusions.
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the Applied Basic Research Project of Yunnan (2011FB084), the Youth Project of Yunnan University of Nationalities (11QN02), the Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Ethnic Medicine Resource Chemistry, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education (MZY1123) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (31160198).

A study on the reduction of HCN in cigarette smoke by loading cuprous oxide on the surface of activated carbon Dai Yi-min, Tan Ru-bin, Shi Wen-min, Liang Zhen-fei, Tan long （School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering，Changsha University of Science and Technology，Changsha 410004） Email: yimindai@163.com Keywords: activated carbon; cuprous oxide; hydrocyanic acid; catalytic degradation Abstract：Taking Cu(CH3COO)2·H2O and activated carbon (AC) which was treated by acid and alkali as raw materials.
The structure and morphology of composite material samples were characterized by BET, SEM and XRD.
The results and discussion Samples specific surface area analysis To investigate the activated carbon composites porous structure and specific surface area, with liquid nitrogen for adsorption medium, under different pressure tested nitrogen adsorption volume of activated carbon sample in 77 K.
samples specific surface area m2/g aperture volume cm3/g aperture nm Cu2O/AC 2.5829 0.005532 8.56714 Samples of XRD analysis In order to research the cuprous oxide/carbon composite structures, X-ray diffraction of composite material was analyzed.