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Shift of anodic and cathodic peaks for Pt-Ru/C oxidation and reduction reactions.
Therefore, electrodes with a catalyst load of 10 mg/cm2 only require low energy in oxidation and reduction reactions.
This EIS method is used to analyze the electrochemical performance of electrodes that will produce data from the results of sample responses to the given frequency range in the form of real impedance (Z') and imaginary impedance (Z").
These data indicate that Pt-Ru/C 10 mg/cm2 is a better electrode than others because it has a lower resistance value.
The conductivity value was obtained from the measurement of Pt-Ru/C electrodes connected to the autolab potentiostat by the EIS method and fitting in the Nyquist plot so that the data obtained as in Table 3.

Other parts of solution treated rods were cold rolled with reductions of 20, 40 and 80%.
About 200-300 measurements were carried out for each data point.
The alloy subjected to cold rolling with a reduction of 80% demonstrates the highest YS and UTS of ~535 MPa and ~570 MPa, respectively, and the lowest elongation-to-failure of ~6% [8].
Relevant data of creep tests for other Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloys after TMPs involving cold deformation to strains of 0-1% [1,4,10] are also presented for comparison.
The linear extrapolation of these experimental data in Fig. 2a shows that there is a strong effect of the intermediate strain followed by aging on creep resistance.

Fatty acid formation leads to a decrease in pH of the water, however, the liquid sludge has buffering properties, thus limiting pH reduction.
Analysis of the data in Figure 4 leads to the conclusion that the introduction of the iron complexes attached to humate increases the rate constants of steps as methane accumulation of microorganisms, and their activity in the recovery of methane to CO2.
The second stage of methanogenesis involves the transfer of formyl group on another carrier (X2), which carries a C1-group two successive reduction reactions leading to the formation of methyl derivative (X2–CH3).
The greater the difference between the standard electrode potentials of the HFA and substances with them to the oxidation-reduction reaction, the greater the resulting value of the redox capacity.
The observed differences in the data are also due to the fact that in macromolecules HFA has set a redox-active structural fragments that differ in the value of the electrode potential.

Investigation of the existence and severity of the damage was evaluated by numerically generated data and compared with single edge and double edged cracks by using frequency response function plots and the results were divided into two configurations.
Configuration I: Composite cantilever beam with a single edge crack and Configuration II: Composite cantilever beam with a double edge crack Frequency Response Functions (FRFS) Frequency response functions (FRF) demonstrate the relation between input and output data based on frequency domain and these can be used for extracting resonance frequencies, estimation of mode shapes and measuring damping coefficients.
The results show that the damage location and its severity can be found from the changes of strain mode shape data.
The authors concluded that the reductions in natural frequencies are not depending on position and depth of the cracks.
This reflects the weakness of previously mentioned approaches that aim to detect cracks by observing the reduction in natural frequencies.

In addition, reduction of elastic modulus directly reflects concrete carbonization.
The reduction coefficient is defined as the ratio of elastic modular of equivalent local element with cracks and without cracks in the simple model： （2） Whereis the elastic modular of equivalent local element without cracks damage, is the elastic modular of equivalent local element with cracks damage, then damage severity reflecting the local concrete cracks and carbonization can be denoted as below: （3） In the formula, {TTP}12289 , respectively reflects the reduction degree of local concrete cracks and carbonization on the stiffness.
Table 1 Reduction factor of flexural rigidity Damage 10% 20% 40% 50% 3.2% 5.1% 11.9% 16.8% 1.3 Damage’s identification of multi-span continuing bridge 1.3.1 Strain modal’s difference vector Consistent with the structural displacement modal, strain mode is structural inherent dynamic characteristics [6], and strain modal is very sensitive to structure partial damage, research shows that strain modal’s difference vector between intact and damaged structure can accurately reflect local structural damage; Therefore, on the condition of decorating the reasonable strain modal positions according to the damage characteristics, the strain modal’s difference vector can be effective index as the structural damage diagnosis.
In order to perform the damaged region diagnosis based on the neural network method, normalization index of strain modal’s difference vector is selected as the input data of neural network.
In order to effectively simulate the error influence from data’s measurement and modeling in the actual engineering, the strain modal vector is added by Gaussian noise vector with zero mean, then the strain modal value is described as below [7]: （6） In the formula, is Gaussian noise’s random variable, and is degree of noise.

The obtained results show good correlation with the data provided by a commercial refractometer.
Considering the main mechanism for the RI sensing is by evanescent wave effect, the said phenomenon could be enhanced by the reduction of the taper waist diameter theoretically [11].
However, in order for the integrated portable refractometer prototype to work, the effect of the reduction of the taper waist diameter on the structural integrity of the sensor has to be taken into factor as well.
The value, r represents the reduction factor in attenuation with an optical fiber.

Then students will give it a positive thinking, then make a hypothesis based on the data gothered and the sheme to solve promlems, and finally draw a conclusion, automatically forming the related concept and principles and developing their cognitive strategies and affection quality.
Questionnaire teaching method is carried out before class to guide students to inquiry the social situation, specialty situation of the knowledge to be imparted and to perserve the personal basic knowledge, guide them to collect and analyze data to preview the knowledge, set the breakthrough point and keystone of thinking to make them have definite object and further clear about the knowledge which can solve problems.
Then students will check references and gother data with these questions, to preview what are going to be taught.
We also started from the oxidation-reduction reaction caused by improper storage of hazardous chemicals used by firefighters, which will release heat and poison gas.
Besides, we also ask questions like: what is the method of balancing the oxidation-reduction reaction formula when they are in high school?

For data recording it was used Data Acquisition Modules- ADAM 4018+with 11 channels.
Vibration parameters Alloy type Mould material Samples Vibration parameters cod Frequency Amplitude [mm] Speed Acceleration [mm/s] [m/s2] [g] AlSi7Mg0.3 Refractory brick A1 50 0.07 14 15 1.5 AlSi12CuMgNi Sand casting B1 50 0.07 2.8 0.8 0.08 Metallic mould D1 50 0.07 2.8 0.8 0.08 AlCu4 Refractory brick C1 50 0.07 14 15 1 C2 50 1.6 104 100 10 The processing of cooling curves was done through the ORIGIN program, a data analysis and graphing software.
The vibration causes reduction of the crystallization time within the range of solidification and the eutectic transformation time, with 50%, respectively 31%.
Time reduction of solidification is caused by increasing of cooling rate due to intensifying heat exchange between mould and liquid metal.
As the experimental measurements have revealed, mechanical vibration causes the reduction, even elimination of the degree of undercooling due to the increase of germination rate by forming larger clusters and a higher number able to act as nucleation.

The researchers thus developed the following research objectives in accordance with the lighting system renovation project of the Experimental Theater: (a) To investigate the difference between the old and new lighting systems by means of data collection and data analysis, in order to establish the specifications, requirements, and improvement plan of the lighting system for the reference of relevant theater personnel.
Maintenance Items of Lighting and Dimmer Systems The lean maintenance planning system is developed based on real-time data acquisition, including business flow design, function design and principle design[3].
The effects of periodical maintenance include elimination of equipment faults, reduction of losses from equipment faults, reduction of equipment repairing fee, maintenance of equipment stability, enhancement of work efficiency and reduction of industrial safety incidents.

Representing damage by the reduction of effective flexural stiffness has been very popular in previous studies [1-3].
In experiments not only is the number of instrumented points generally limited, but also it is very difficult to accurately measure the needed values using current available sensors; (2) Information from small even medium levels of damage is usually masked by the noise embedded in measured data [13-14]; (3) Value changes of these indicators go undisclosed to uncertain temperature change, especially for large structures [15].
The reduction of concrete protective layer thickness is 0.02m and the whole width of damage region is 2m.
The method based on support reaction and mid-span displacement indicators use only the directly measured data, without further treatment or analysis.
"Damage identification using modal data: experiences on a prestressed concrete bridge", Journal of Structural Engineering, vol.12, 2005, p.1898-1919