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The FTIR data clearly reveals that the crosslinking agent enhances the adhesion behaviour of silica nanoparticles on the surface of the fibres/fabrics.
From the earlier studies, it was found that the acidity of polycarboxylic acid has a significant effect on the reduction Conc. of SiO2 (%) owf * Tensile strength Tearing strength Air permeability (cc/s) Crease recovery angle Whiteness index Strength in kg % Strength retention Strength in kg % Strength retention 0 86.2 100 11.84 100 3.62 44.8 128.92 2 71.9 83.41 15.44 130.40 5.22 52 122.36 4 69.7 80.85 16.88 142.56 5.32 58 111.51 6 72.4 83.99 16.72 141.21 4.80 61.4 115.42 Fig. 5 SEM images of cotton fabric c) 6 % nano silica coated cotton fabrics a) uncoated cotton fabrics b) 2 % nano silica coated cotton fabrics in tensile strength of the treated cotton fabrics [14].
The results given in Table 2 represent the percentage reduction in the number of Colony forming Unit (CFU) by the coated fabrics with respect to the initial number of bacterial count.
Table 2 Percentage of antibacterial reduction for nanosilica coated fabrics * Colony Forming Unit The initial bacterial count has been significantly reduced in the mixture containing nano silica coated fabric.
The above effect is due to the physicochemical properties of silica nanoparticles that cause lethal effect to the bacteria by generating an Sample Staphylococcus aureus Escherichia coli Mean values of CFU * Antibacterial reduction (%) Mean values of CFU * Antibacterial reduction (%) Initial 18 - 98 - After treatment 14 22 % 83 15 % unfavourable environment [15].

Data obtained from the crosslink density measurement were used to evaluate the effectiveness of hydroxyacetone as a novel activator for tert-buthyl hyroperoxide in prevulcanization of natural rubber latex.
As the antioxidant was absent in the films, the sciccion reactions occurred more rapidly, as reflected in reduction of tensile strength values.
For the M500 values, addition of antioxidants prior to dipping process lead to reduction in M500 values, but addition of antioxidants during prevulcanization increasing the M500 values.
The reduction of tensile strength of the films was due to thermal-oxidative reactions, causing the deterioration of the strength of the samples [8].
In contrast, tensile strength of peroxide-vulcanized natural rubber latex films prepared with addition Irganox 1502® increased after ageing with a reduction in M500.

By present, a considerable amount of new research data and experience in this field has been accumulated at the institute [8,9].
The methodology of a further decrease of the grain size down to the nanoscale is based on a stepby-step reduction of the temperature of deformation.
If one processes the sample on the next step without a reduction of a 200 µm b 20 µm b c а temperature, material would get in a state of superplastic flow that increases the uniformity of microstructure but prevents a further reduction of the grain size.
Meantime, reduction of temperature of deformation maintaining the strain rate allows a further refinement of the microstructure.
Thus, the multiple isothermal forging with a step-by-step reduction of temperature enables the grain refinement in material down to the nanoscale carefully avoiding its failure.

PES-NH2 was synthesized by reduction of the synthesized PES-NO2 using SnCl2.2H2O.
The synthesis of PES-NH2 was performed in two stages, which were nitration and reduction reactions.
NaI serves as a strong electrolyte to help the oxidation reduction reaction.
Reduction reaction scheme of PES-NO2 to form PES-NH2 Fig. 8.
The determination of enzyme activity of supernatant solutions after immobilization of lipase onto polymers Solution A C pNP [mM] %Yields of pNP Activity [mmol/mL/ sec] Free enzyme 0.156 2.061 20.609 457.998 Supernatant of PES-enzyme 0.143 1.896 18.958 421.290 Supernatant of PES-NH2-enzyme 0.023 0.371 3.710 82.451 The data shown in Table 1 indicated that each supernatant had a different concentration of pNP due to the different amounts of the remaining enzyme contained in supernatant.

A slight increase in plasticity, such as elongation and reduction in area, occurred for the tempered cross-welded specimens.
Table 2 Results of the tensile tests for as-welded and different PWHTs specimens Condition 0.2% yield strength σ0.2 Tensile strength σb Elongation δ Reduction in area Ψ Fracture location [MPa ] [ MPa] [ %] [ %] As-welded 480.71 596.2 18.6 29.62 weld metal 580°C 473.41 594.2 19.6 32.98 weld metal 620°C 461.6 573.8 22.4 31.09 weld metal Base metal ∼500 620~750 ≥19.0 Table 3 Results of the impact tests of HAZ in as-welded condition and after two different PWHTs Condition as-welded PWHT at 580°C PWHT at
That is, when the dissolved hydrogen sulfide becomes higher, more hydrogen ion is ionized, which will accelerate the rate of oxidation-reduction reaction and generate more hydrogen atoms.
From the data listed in table 4, it can be seen that F (A) decreases and time to fracture increases with increase in the temperature of PWHT at the same concentration H2S solution, which may be attributed to improvement of HAZ microstructure and reduction of the welding residual stress near HAZ by PWHT.
Brittle fracture without a significant reduction in area was markedly identified.

Previous study reportedbetween 60 to 65 percent reduction in compressive strength of conventional concrete blocks when the fine aggregate has eliminated 100 percent from the mixed [3].
The data indicated in Fig. 2 clearly show that the compressive strength of PCPB increased higher from 7 days to 28 days, as the PCPB matured.
However, result displayed a systematic reduction in compressive strength at 7 days and 28 days with the increase of CA size.
The reason for the strength reduction could be attribute by increasing amount of voids inside the blocks.Other reason that can be related to the results in reduction of compressive strength of the PCPB with CA 8 – 10 compared to PCPB with CA 5 – 8is the actual loading area.
There is a systematic reduction in the compressive strength of the blocks when the coarse aggregate is open graded aggregate and the size increases.

The total reduction rate was 83.3% and the reduction of every pass was 7, 7, 4, 2 mm, respectively.
After pickling, the hot rolled sheet was cold rolled to 0.9 mm, and the total reduction ratio of cold rolling was 77.5%.
After the measurement, the data are analyzed with the software of the system, and the OIM diagram is obtained.
The reduction of {001}<110> and {112}<110> texture and the increase of γ-fiber were all beneficial to deep drawing performance.
The α-fiber and γ-fiber were further strengthened with the increase of the reduction rate during cold rolling.

•The diffracted beams make an angle of 2ⱷ with the incident beam.]9] Single crystal poly crystalline powder Quantitative analysisof X-Ray diffraction data usually refers to the determination amounts of different phases in multi-phase samples.
In quantitative analysis, an attempt is made to determine structural characteristics and phase proportions with quantifiable numerical precision from the experimental data itself.
Though “standard” patterns and structural data are used as a starting point, the most successful quantitative analysis usually involves modeling the diffraction pattern such that the calculated pattern(s) duplicates the experimental one.[9] Tensile test: The aim of the measurement to get to know the method of tensile testing through the example of an injection molded, thermoplastic, polymer specimen, the mechanical properties that can be determined in these tests as well as the effect of measurement conditions (tensile test speed) on the mechanical properties.
Fig. 8 XRD test for (a): PEEK-1000, (b): PEEK-GF30 Tensile test :The results show that the tensile properties of PEEK decrease with GF additions due to the brittle nature of GF which is decresing the toughness of PEEK and this decreases the tensile strength .as shown in (Fig. 9, 10):these results are very clear from observing the stress-srain behavior of unmodified PEEK (Fig. 9) .It has the high range of plastic zone , which is a good pointer to the high toughness in addition to the high strength, but from the (Fig. 10), the reduction in the toughness of the modefied PEEK is clear because of the reduction of plastic zone and dacreasing of the tensile strength.
Fig. 13 Shows fatigue test for (PEEK-10000) Fig. 14 Fatigue test for (PEEK+30%GF) Conclusion: Through this research we can conclude several points, the important of them are: 1-The levels of crystallization of PEEK increase with glass fiber addition where the amount and resultant crystallinity depend on processing conditions applied to the samples. 2- The tensile strength and impact strength (for notched and un-notched samples) decrease with glass fiber content, where the brittle nature of GF causes decreasing in toughness. 3- The fatigue behavior of composite decreases by adding of the glass fiber to the PEEK due to decreasing in strength and reduction of toughness. .

Rapid expansion of construction land, especially arable land is currently a significant reduction is Chongqing and the country faces a major land use.
Data sources.
The land use information extracted from land use maps of Chongqing from 1999 to 2008 with scale of 1: 200 000 by Arcgis 9.2 software, and then integrated with detailed survey data of land use in corresponding period and region.
Analysis of land change data in Chongqing 1999-2008.
Arable Land ecosystem services value occupy the second highest proportion, but it has been showing a decreasing trend, the reduction of arable land has been offset by an increase in woodland.

The existing data show that most organic inhibitors act by adsorption on the metal surface.
Zview computer software was used to fit the experimental impedance data to the chosen electrical equivalent circuit model.
It can be seen that the dominant cathodic reduction is oxygen reduction controlled by diffusion process, and the anodic reaction is iron dissolution controlled by charge transfer process.
In the presence of C7 and C7+Ni ions, it can be observed that the corrosion potential shifts in the positive direction, the polarization curve Fig. 3(c and d) show that C7 act as anodic inhibitor, while C7+Ni ions is inhibitor of a mixed type, but the anodic effect is more pronounced .Polarization curve Fig. 3(b) clearly shows that the C2, decrease the corrosion current densities with respect to those for the blank for both anodic and cathodic reactions, without causing any appreciable change in values of corrosion potential, suggesting that the C2 is mixed inhibitor, since affect both the metal dissociation and oxygen reduction reactions.
Electric circuit models used in fitting the experiments data (Rs= solution resistance, CPEdl= double layer constant phase element, Rct= charge transfer resistance,Rl1= first layer resistance, Rl2= second layer resistance, CPEl1= first layer constant phase element and CPEl2= second layer constant phase element.