Search results

There are an infinity of solutions, therefore we limit the number of couples determined (τb;S) by attributing boundary conditions to S and τb.
This heterogeneity is probably due to the various crystallographic orientations of the grains.
Higher values of SRV are only found in the vicinity of grain boundaries (GB), which is further discussed below.
On both Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 the SRV is higher than 500 cm.s -1 at GBs, whereas it is about 30 cm.s -1 to 40 cm.s-1 in grains, even with additional SiNx:H layers.
This could be explained by the laser spot that is too large compared to the width of a grain boundary.

Method of ecosystem services value Study Based on Chinese terrestrial ecological service value equivalent, First assume that the equivalent ratio was kept constant, used the farmland utilization ratio average grain yield and the average grain yield of the study area to revise, which can reflect the ecological service of regional and national average state overall value difference [1]。
The revised expression is: µ = q/q0 (1) Ei = µ×E0i (2) µ—The revised coefficient of ecological service research area equivalent；q——Grain yield per unit area；q0—The grain yield per unit area in the country；Ei —The revised I class type of land ecological service equivalent；E0i—The I class of land use types in China terrestrial ecosystem of ecological service equivalent。
regulation 0.54 1.31 17.1 0.46 0 -2.67 Water conservation 0.54 0.88 15.5 20.38 0.03 -1.8 Soil formation and conservation 1.32 2.15 1.71 0.01 0.02 -1.46 Waste disposal 0.89 2.42 18.18 18.18 0.01 -6.56 Biological diversity protection 0.74 1.05 2.5 2.49 0.34 -0.71 Food production 0.2 1.47 0.3 0.1 0.01 -1 Raw materials 0.03 0.15 0.07 0 0 -0.3 Entertainment culture 0.03 0.01 5.55 4.34 0.01 1 Using the modified equivalent factor table, calculating different kinds of land ecosystem service value per unit area, The calculation formula is as follows: Vi = ×Pij (3) C = (4) Vi ——the land ecosystem service value of the I class per unit; Pij——the equivalent of I value equivalent class J ecological service type; C——the service function of the economic value of food production provided by the unit farmland system; Tp——A year of food price in study area; Tn——The sown area of grain
Through the study of the data results, the following conclusions can be drawn: ①The development of 1988 - 2000 early mineral belonging to the initial stage, the excessive number of arable land, rivers and lakes and wetlands are too much pressure to account for, and the land type single imbalance, not only one kind of contribution of farming ecological value produces too much economic benefit, ecological service value increase depends on the diversity of land types and equalization; ② From 2000 to 2014 ,mining area expanded, making the land subsidence range expanded, cultivated land, construction land is damaged, but the reclamation work carried out at the same time, the coal mining subsidence land into fish ponds, agricultural land and forest land, making the water area increase, and the unit area ecosystem service value of wetland and water is larger, so ecological service value has increased year by year, also shows that the waters make a great contribution to the ecological value.

The technology of surface restoration using surfacing has a number of advantages, namely, obtaining a sufficiently large coating thickness, high process productivity, and no restrictions on the size of the surfaced surfaces.
The grains are elongated (Fig. 3b).
Grains-elongated, columnar structure.
Further in depth – the structure of sorbitol with ferrite, the grains are elongated (Fig. 5 b).
The parts that have been sanded with a new wheel have deep risks on the surface from the grains of the grinding wheel (Fig. 6 a.), roughness Rz = 8.0 microns; Ra=1.6 microns.

A number of reinforcements have been used including A2O3, SiC, TiN, B4C , TiC and TiB [2, 3, and 4].
It can be seen that the matrix of as-forged composite was also The Widmanstatten Structure with alternate layers of (hcp) α and thin (bcc) β distributed in prior-β grains (Fig.3 (a)).
According to The Hall-Petch Relationship [13], the strengthening effect is in proportion to d−1/2 (d, grain size): σy=σ0+kyd-1/2 (1) Typicallyσ0 is rationalized as either a frictional stress resisting the motion of gliding dislocations or as an internal back stress. ky is the Hall-Petch slope, which is considered to be a measure of the resistance of the grain boundary to slip transfer.
In fact, the interaction of TiB whiskers and matrix during hot deformation also could result in the refinement of grain size of the matrix [7].
The strengthening mechanisms of the composite mainly come from the two factors: (1) high modulus and strength of TiB whiskers undertake load, (2) the refinement of titanium matrix alloy’s grain size.

It was reported that duplex stainless steel with fine grain microstructure has the ability to show superplastic behaviour since the grain growth is effectively suppressed at high temperature due to the two phase aggregated microstructure [3].
In this study, DSS with two different microstructures were used; as-received DSS with coarse grain microstructure and thermomechanically treated DSS with fine grain microstructure.
In order to obtain a fine grain microstructure, the as-received DSS was initially solution-treated at 1573 K for 1 hour followed by water quenching.
From this figure, we can see that rougher surface promotes the increase in the number of spaces between the two solid medium compared to smooth surfaces.

Zirconia heads make up about 20% of the total number of operations per year in Western Europe, which are around 360,000 [1], and 6% of the hip implant procedures in the United States, which equal roughly to 150,000 to 200,000 [2].
The difference was resulted mainly from the microstructures as shown in Fig. 1(a) and (b), where the grain sizes of (Y,Nb)-TZP and 3Y-TZP are 2.20 µm and 0.65 µm, respectively.
Phase stability after annealing for 5 h at 250ºC and 3.97 MPa water vapor pressure, flexural strength, fracture toughness, and grain size of 3Y-TZP and (Y,Nb)-TZP.
The strength of (Y,Nb)-TZP was lower than that of 3Y-TZP in Table 1 since the strength is inversely proportional to the grain size.
The improvement of the strength is mainly due to the increase in the toughness according to the linear elastic fracture mechanics and partially due to the grain size refinement of the (Y,Nb)-TZP since the alumina particles behave as an inhibitor of the zirconia grains during sintering.

Shrinkage, distortion, hot cracking, fissuring, stress relaxation cracking, grain growth, sigma phase formation and sensitization are the main challenges encountered during welding of stainless steels.
Shrinkage, distortion, hot cracking, fissuring, stress relaxation cracking, grain growth, sigma phase formation and sensitization are the main challenges encountered during welding of stainless steels.
The segregation of lower temperature melting constituents in the grain boundaries appears to increase fissuring susceptibility.
The areas adjacent to the grain boundary are depleted of chromium and thus have lower corrosion resistance.
Two numbers of cracked segments of the pipe-to-pad fillet joints were sent for detailed metallurgical investigation to research laboratory.

The second sub-period granite (γ) The granite is mainly fine grained two-mica granite and muscovite granite.
Particle size of the mineral can vary according to the different parts of the granite, which mineral grain in center of the granite is bigger, the edge smaller.
Characteristics of Petrochemistry From the results from the analysis, the granites belong to granite of alkali-rich, Si-rich, K2O> Tab.1 The chemical compositions of granites (wB/%) Sample number Stage Lithology SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MnO CaO MgO Na2O K2O P2O5 LOI Total R-02 γ Two-mica granite 72.99 0.14 14.15 0.71 1.51 0.04 0.31 0.26 3.1 4.94 0.22 1.41 99.78 R-05 71.50 0.18 14.25 1.22 1.56 0.046 0.64 0.25 2.85 5.00 0.198 0.97 98.67 R-13 γ 72.43 0.09 14.78 0.69 1.45 0.07 0.14 0.17 3.01 4.86 0.27 1.76 99.72 R-22 71.89 0.11 13.91 1.61 1.38 0.06 0.49 0.21 2.71 4.70 0.17 1.27 98.51 R-30 γ Granite porphyry 72.57 0.13 12.66 2.14 2.06 0.05 0.49 0.23 2.04 5.03 0.17 1.16 98.73 R-37 71.91 0.15 12.86 1.73 1.63 0.064 0.5 0.18 2.19 4.90 0.178 1.203 97.5 Na2O, Ca-poor, Mg-poor, Fe-poor, P-rich, F-rich, CO2-rich.
Tab.2 Microelements content of three stages of the granite(wB/%) Stage Elements and the average content Sn W Zn Pb Cu As Cr V Ni Bi F Zr Be Ti γ　 0.01 0.0043 0.026 0.012 0.0069 0.027 0.0017 0.0022 0.003 0.0018 0.5804 0.01 0.001 0.06 γ 0.006 0.0025 <0.1 0.027 0.0075 0.01 ―― 0.0015 0.003 ―― 0.18 0.01 0.0018 ―― γ　 0.011 0.006 0.027 0.005 0.011 ―― 0.0011 0.001 　 0.003 0.053 0.008 0.0005 0.039 Fig.1 REE patterns of granites γ:Coarse-grained containing plaques two-mica granite;γ: middle-fine-grained two-mica granit:γ: Granite porphyry REE characteristics Total rare earth element of Laojunshan granite is from 76.97× 10-6 to 167.77× 10-6,which the rare earth element content of the first sub-period granite was significantly higher than the rare earth element content of the second sub-period granite (Tab. 3).
Change of the particle size and structure of the granites is from coarse-grained porphyritic structure to coarse granular structure and fine granular structure.

Over the last 40 years, intensive research into semi-solid processing has yielded a number of technology variants that differ primarily in the way the mould or die is filled with the semi-solid metal.
One of those, employed for demonstration by the authors, is grain refinement through prior cold deformation applied by using SPD (Severe Plastic Deformation) methods.
One example is the X210Cr12 steel with its broad freezing range between the solidus temperature of 1220°C and the liquidus temperature of 1370°C, in which polyhedral grains of approximately 5 mm size have been created (Fig. 3).
The average size of austenite grains was approximately 5.5 ± 0.5 µm An overwhelming majority of microstructures consisting of ductile grains embedded in brittle carbide-austenite network shows poor ductility.
Such a microstructure would contain carbides within austenite grains and along austenite boundaries, rather than just a carbide network (Fig. 4).

All the coatings were prepared by mixing 20wt% water, 50wt% Vinyl Acetate ethylene (VAE) and 30wt% different grained-size inorganic fillers.
The same commercially available bundle (Fig.2a) was manually twisted (Fig.2b) to increase its waviness, thus, to increase the number of anchoring sites.
On equal mortar and fabric typology, the grain size of the fillers embedded in surface coatings also appeared as an influencing parameter for the shear strength of FRCMs.
Moreover, the organic additive enhances the chemical adhesion with the carbon fabric, which is demonstrated by a higher shear strength and the presence of mortar grains adhered to the fabric after failure.
Surface treatment composed of EVA polymer and different fillers appears more efficient with increasing filler grain size.