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The synthesis of hollow nanoparticles are being investigated in considerable detail since these structures show increased surface area and low density, thus saving material and producing a concomitant reduction in cost, with potential application in catalysis [3].
In this study, we synthesized hollow PtRu spheres based on the galvanic replacement strategy as the standard reduction potential of the PtCl62-/Pt redox pair (0.735 V vs.
EDS data confirmed an average stoichiometry of Pt50Ru50 and Pt49Ru51 in H-PtRu/ACF and H-PtRu/CNTs, respectively, which coincided with the intended ratio of Pt and Ru in the starting mixture.
The differences on alloying degree as well as crystallite size between H--PtRu/ACF and H-PtRu/CNTs might be caused by the different surface properties between ACF and CNTs thus influencing the reduction capacities and process, which is not fully understood.

The Kyoto Protocol aims to achieve emissions reductions through global cooperation, and becomes the most important mechanism for promoting the development of low-carbon economy [3].
According to the practical experience of European Union, the allocation of carbon emissions reasonably and effectively is a key task to achieve emission reduction.
Burtraw analyzed the data of U.S. electricity market, and found that the emission reduction costs of the output-based free allocation is the same as that of the history-based free allocation, but the costs of the auction is about half of the above two ways [8].

Methodology The experiments were realized using the following equipments: Electric-mechanical system (engine/electrical generator), different sensors to measure temperature, pressure and mass flow rate of liquid and gas fuels, data acquisition system and gas analyzer system, see Fig.1.
The higher the level of unsaturation, there is reduction on the viscosity and on the amount of cetane, whose consequence is low quality fuel [3].
This is due to the predominance of natural gas in the composition of the fuel and the low percentage of biodiesel used, which has provoked a reduction in the emissions of NO.
According to Kegl [12] low amount of sulfur in the fuel composition contributes to the reduction of the wearing out of the engine components, besides minimizing the level of particulates and reduce the emissions of sulfur oxides released in the atmosphere.

Data for all samples are presented in Table 1 and show that five of the samples have significant tetragonal content and that these five samples possess the lowest grain size.
The reduction peak that occurs initially corresponds to the formation of a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the electrode surface.
This irreversible electrolyte reduction reaction is coupled with the reversible conversion reaction of ZrO2 and Li into amorphous Li2O and Zr.
The wide anodic peak at around 1.5-2.2V is thus attributed to the reversible oxidation of Zr into ZrO2 according to the following process: 4Li + ZrO2 ↔ Zr + 2Li2O All materials exhibited similar characteristics and so it is clear that there is an initial capacity loss after the first cycle (reduction in cathodic peak) potentially caused by initial electrolyte decomposition to form a SEI.

Then observing if the vulnerable component was damaged, and finding out the minimum critical load, and the data would be used for evaluating the package’s ability for protecting the products.
The lifting of the test bed was realized by the lead screw nut, and the stepping motor drives the negative and positive rotation of lead gear through reduction gearbox and a pair of bevel gear wheel, so that the rotational motion of the lead screw was transformed to the rectilinear motion of the nut, realizing the lifting motion of the test bed [3], as shown in Fig. 1.
The lifting platform was driven by the lead screw nut, and the rising velocity was 50mm/s, the lead screw pitch was 10mm, and the revolving speed was 300r/min. 0.5kW electromotor would drive the positive and negative rotation of the lead screw through a pair of bevel gear wheel and the reduction gearbox, so that the test bed could rise or descend.
The stepping motor can drive the positive and negative rotation of the lead screw with the reduction box and a pair of cone gear, so that the lifting platform can rise or descend.

Introduction Future designs for hypersonic reentry vehicles call for significant reductions in the radii of the leading edges.
Studies have shown that this reduction will provide significant improvements in vehicle safety by allowing increased cross range during reentry and increased time during ascent when a safe abort to land can be performed [1].
In the case of MoSi2, the flexure strength remained relatively constant for additions of 10 volume percent or more indicating that the increase in strength may be due to the reduction in grain size that occurred when additives were present.
Thermogravimetric analysis data of hot pressed billets illustrating weight change in air as a function of temperature for ZrB2, ZrB2-SiC, and ZrB2-MoSi2 composites.

Chang Yunfeng, research results show that MnOX has higher oxygen storage capacity, faster oxygen absorption rate and oxygen oxidation and reduction rate than CeO2.
To add MnOX to the traditional three way catalyst can increase the reduction performance for NOX and the oxidation performance for CO and hydrocarbon compounds[8].
After sample temperature down to 200 ˚C and baseline of data recorder is stabile, oxygen is pulsed into a sample room each 5 min., OSC of the samples is determined by TCD.
Increasing of the Mn content, the specific surface areas of fresh and aging samples are reduced,but the reduction magnitude of specific surface areas of fresh samples is smaller than that of aged samples.

Time history of El-Centro seismic record at North-South was selected as input acceleration data in Matlab code.
Furthermore in bracing system the displacement reduction is around 30 %.
The VSB installation in frame induced 3% reduction in velocity value compared with moment resistance (bare) frame.
This reduction in braced frame reaches roughly around 5% due to high stiffness of this system among the others.

In the case of the single phase Ni3Al, thin foils with good quality in shape can be fabricated by heavy cold rolling above 90% reduction in thickness only when the initial rolling direction (RD) is close to <001>.
For further analysis, the Taylor-Bishop-Hill (TBH) analysis [7] was used for conversion of the true stress (σ) - true stain (ε) data into shear stress (τ) - shear strain (γ) curves.
Fig. 6 shows SEM back scattered electron image of the compression surface of the (110)[001]-oriented Ni/Ni3Al single crystal after 15.9% reduction in thickness which corresponds to the second stage in the true stress - true strain curves.
SEM back scattered electron image of the compression surface of the Ni/Ni3Al single crystal with the initial orientations of (110)[001] after 15.9% reduction in thickness.

Flexural-Torsional Buckling of H-Beams with Corrugated Webs Zhe Zhang 1, a, Guoqiang LI 2,b Feifei Sun 2,c 1 School of Civil Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou, 450002 ,China 2 State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Shanghai, 200092 ,China a zzhe@zzu.edu.cn, b gqli@tongji.edu.cn, c ffsun@ tongji.edu.cn Keywords: H-Beam with Corrugated Web; Flexural-Torsional Buckling; Transverse Load Abstract.
According to statistical data, web mass distribution proportion of girders with the corrugated web account for only about 25%(the minimum 4%), and the ratio of height to the thickness can reach 600.
(5) is the strength reduction factor; , the additional stress of flange caused by the transverse moment; , the reduction factor owing to the lateral torsional buckling