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Improvement of the properties of the film can also be achieved by refining the grain size of deposited film.
Therefore, electrodeposition processes are usually carried out with addition of brightener such as saccharine in the electrolyte solution to reduce the grain size of the films [7].
Each experiment was carried out using a plating bath that contains nickel sulphate hexahydrate as the source of nickel, ferrous sulphate heptahydrate as the source of iron, nickel chloride hexahydrate as complexing agent, boric acid as the buffer, and sodium saccharine as the grain refinement agent.
It is well known that grain size in polycrystalline material influences its mechanical properties [9].
Smaller crystallite size implies the presence of a greater number of grain boundaries that impede dislocation motion, and subsequently result in harder materials.

Introduction Recently in Japan, thermal power plants which have been operated during over 20 years increase in number.
It revealed by the OIM observation that the prior austenite grains and packets were refined in 0.03Nb and 0.05Nb.
This was caused by the retardation of the coarsening of austenite grains by insoluble Nb carbides during normalizing.
austenite grain boundaries and the packets are random boundaries and the grain boundaries slide more easily during the creep deformation with refining.
In 0.03Nb and 0.05Nb, the creep strength was lowered because the dislocation motion and the grain boundary sliding affected the creep deformation in parallel.

A number of excellent reviews1-4 have been published in the last two decades, which outline the effects of chemical composition and processing parameters on texture formation in low and extra low carbon steels, including the IF steels.
This prevents the development of {111} texture and retards the growth of recrystallized grains in the BA samples as compared to the CA material.
Being larger in size, Ti4C2S2 particles are expected to have a lower Zenner pinning effect than TiC and therefore will not restrict the grain growth during recrystallization annealing.
In short, the better value of the steel annealed at 800°C over the steel annealed at 700°C can be attributed to the following: (i) absence of FeTiP precipitates, thus more Ti is available to tie up with C; (ii) presence of numerous Ti4C2S2, and not TiC particles which results in more interstitial free matrix and less pinning of grain boundaries. 4 Summary and Conclusions The high strength versions of the interstitial free (IF) steels; i.e. the interstitial free high strength (IFHS) steels have been developed with a view to achieving high strength in addition to satisfactory deep-drawability.
Again, FeTiP particles, often present along the grain boundaries, can produce Zener drag and retard the growth of favorable recrystallized grains, giving rise to a poor texture.

The degree of crystallization was examined at full-width at half maximum of Cu3N films (100) diffraction peak, and the grain size of thin films were extracted from the XRD data by a standard methodology.
Further as shown in Table 1, the dependence of the FWHM of XRD patterns and grain size on the sputtering power.
The intensity of Cu3N (100) peak increases, while the FWHM decreases from 0.744° to 0.306°, corresponding grain size increases from 11nm to 26nm.
Effect of sputtering power on the FWHM and grain size of Cu3N (100) Sample No.
The number of free copper atoms decreases, leading to the increase of the resistivity of the films.

It is clear from Fig. 2(a) that plenty of octahedron-shaped MA crystals exist in the sample CA-48 with about 2-5 µm in size, and a relatively small number of tabular CA crystals can be found in this sample with about 20-40 µm in size as illustrated in Fig. 2(b).
In the cement clinker with 34 wt% MA(Fig.3), a smaller quantity of MA grains are observed in small sizes with good crystallization and mostly present in the intergranular spaces between the irregular tabular-shaped or puncheon-shaped crystals of CA.
Fig.2 SEM photographs of the clinker CA-48 Fig.3 SEM photograph of the clinker CA-56 Fig.4 SEM photographs of different selected areas of clink CA-64 b a Fig.5 Backscattered electron images of different clinks BSI of the aluminous cement specimen CA-56 (Fig. 5(a)) reveals the agglomeration which consist of grayish-black MA grains and white-gray CA grains, a small amount of light gray CA2 grains can be observed also.
But as shown in Fig. 5(b), only very little MA and CA2 grains exist among the CA crystals in the specimen CA-64.

Polycrystalline iron was annealed in vacuum of 10-3 Pa at 1200 K in order to make the grain size larger.
The obtained grain size was millimeter order.
The spot size was approximately 50 µm, which is small enough compared to the grain size, so that a femtosecond laser pulse irradiates a single crystal.
Crystalline grains of the ε phase of several nanometers size scatter around 4 µm deeper from the bottom surface.
A little quantity of crystalline grains of the γ phase also exists in the same area.

The lamellar grain and granular grain were interlaced in the crystallization process.
In MBF3, the granular grains were not connected with each other to form larger grain.
The microstructure of MBF4 and MBF5 were mainly composed of lamellar grain with size of 1~2 μm long and 200 nm wide.
Acknowledgement This work is supported by the “National Key Technologies R&D Program” (program number: 2016YFB0601304).

Positive rhythm often is seen in the delta front underwater distributary channel and underwater natural levee , the underwater distributary channel mainly has middle-thick fine-grained sandstone , natural potential curve is bell-shaped or box-shaped, natural gamma curve is low ; underwater natural levee mainly has thin fine-grained sandstone and siltstone , spontaneous potential curve is tooth-shaped , natural gamma value is low - meddle .
The underwater distributary channel develops cross-bedding, parallel bedding and sand grain bedding (Figure 2).
Statistics show that the interbedded stratum occurs in the small layer of Chang 6 reservoir is average 1.9 , which the one in Chang 612 , 631 is average 2.2 , the number of interbedded stratum is least one , up to six , heterogeneity is serious.
According to statistics of the number and drilling rate of sand bodies of 614 wells in the study area, it can draw that when the number of sand layer is 1-4 in Chang 611, 631 ,its drilling rate is 1.1% -15.6 %, indicating that the number of sand layer in Chang 611, 631 is less, rarely develop interbedded stratums ; The number of sand layer in Chang 612, Chang 621 and Chang 622 is up to seven, when the number of sand layer distribution ranges from 3-4, its drilling rate is 37.1 %., 30.0% , 31.9% ;Seen from the drilling rate of five layers , the Chang 6 has more sand layers , which illustrate the number of interbedded stratum is more, and then heterogeneity is more serious (Table1, Figure 4 ) .
Table1 The table of distribution frequency of the sand layer number in Chang 6 of Hulangmao Layer Range of sand layer number Drilling wells Drilling rate Layer Range of sand layer number Drilling wells Drilling rate Chang611 0 485 79.1% Chang612 0 225 36.9% 1-2 96 15.6% 1-2 95 15.5% 3-4 26 4.2% 3-4 228 37.1% >4 7 1.1% >4 126 20.5% Chang 621 0 206 33.6% Chang622 0 196 32.0% 1-2 101 16.4% 1-2 112 18.2% 3-4 184 30.0% 3-4 196 31.9% >4 123 20.0% >4 110 17.9% Chang 631 0 422 68.7% 1-2 71 11.6% 3-4 80 13.0% >4 41 6.7% Figure 4.The chart of distribution frequency of the sand layer number in Chang 6 of Hulangmao The difference of heterogeneity on different waterflooding programs In waterflooding development oilfield, reservoir permeability is an important factor on affecting the development of oil fields.

Title of Publication (to be inserted by the publisher) Counts (××××100) 0 2.5 Dark islands 3 5 Si-K���� Ti-K���� Al-K���� W-M���� W-L���� Ti-K���� O-K���� 0 4 6 2 TiO2+Al2O3 grains Ti-K���� Al-K���� O-K���� Si-K���� W-M���� Ti-K���� W-L���� 0.5 0.8 0 O-K���� Ti-K���� W-M���� W-L���� 1 TiO2 grains Al-K���� Ti-K���� Si-K���� Energy, ( keV) 0 2 W 4 0 5 2 9 4 O-K���� Al-K���� Ti-K���� Ti-K���� W-L���� W-M���� Ti3Al Zone (b) (d) 1µµµµm matrix (TiO2+Al2O3) grains 4 voids 3 2 (c) 1µµµµm matrix (TiO2+Al2O3) grains 4 voids 3 2 (c) 0.1µµµµm 1 (a) TiO2 grains Fig. 6.
(a) outer TiO2 grains, (b) EDS spectrum of spot � , (c) inner mixed (TiO2+Al2O3) grains, (d) EDS spectra of spot � ~ � .
The outer, submicrometer-size round TiO2 grains had dissolved ions of W and Si (Figs. 6(a),(b)).
The inner mixed (TiO2+Al2O3) oxide grains similarly having dissolved ions of W and Si were much finer than the outer TiO2 grains, mainly because of competitive nucleation and growth of TiO2 and Al2O3 crystallites in the inner mixed oxide layer (Figs. 6(c),(d)).
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) [10] M.

Can be seen from Figure 1, the modified layer grains in comparison with the original matrix become small, this is mainly affected by the scanning speed, when the scanning speed is large, the time of laser on the samples relatively short, therefore samples absorbed less energy, the initial nucleus no time to grow up, resulting in a smaller austenite grain, the martensite grains in transformation hardened zone are smaller, and large scanning speed also makes a lot of non-melting carbide in surface.
This is because the high superheat resulted in high nucleation rate of austenite, while the high undercooling caused austenite grain has no time to grow up, which makes the martensite obtained after cooling is also smaller.
Polarization is used for describe passivation process of materials took place in the medium, the polarization curve can be related to corrosion mechanism, corrosion rate and corrosion sensitivity of specific material in the specified environment to provide a large number of useful information, so the polarization curve measurement technique is widely used in laboratory corrosion tests.