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At present, researchers pay more attention to fine-grained soil[1-3] mainly, little attention to the coarse-grained soil.
For reinforced coarse-grained soil, Bao Huafu studied two kind of weathering degree rockfill with one way geotechnical grille[4].
Triaxial tests of geotechnical grille reinforced sand-gravel Test sand-gravel, Geotechnical grille and Equipment The sand-gravel used in the study was from a clay core rockfill dam in the west of China, the maximum grain size is 40 mm, the average grain size is 14 mm.
Table 1 Grain composition of sand-gravel specimen Control dry density (g/cm3) Grain composition (%) 40~20 20~10 10~5 <5 2.08 32.82 28.76 21.15 17.27 The major physical properties of geotechnical grille used in the study are summarized in Table 2, and the mesh types of geotechnical grille are respectively shown in Figure 1 (a) and (b).
Table 2 Physical properties of geotechnical grille Serial number Material Type Elongation (%) Strength (KN/m) Size (mm) Transverse strength Lognitudinal strength A Glass fiber GG5050 3 50 50 25×25 B Geotechnical grille TGS-D-50-50 10 50 50 25×25 C Geotechnical grille TGS-D-80-80 10 80 80 25×25 The axial apparatus used in the tests is illustrated in Figure 1.

Chang illustrated the grain size refinement is effective means of dynamic recrystallization.
Chang determined the relationship of grain size and the Zener-Hollomen parameter.
In the future, the three dimensional FEM analysis of FSW with the material properties such as grain size model will be investigated.
The microstructure model due to strain, strain rate and temperature needs to be included in a three dimensional FEM simulation to determine the grain size of workpiece in FSW Acknowledgements The authors want to present their thanks to the National Science Council of the Republic of China for the advice and financial support under the grant number: NSC 94-2212-E-041-001.
Huang, "Relationship between grain size and Zener-Hollomon parameter during friction stir processing in AZ31 Mg alloys

Subsequently, a random number, r, is generated in the range 0-1.
Incorporation of the probabilistic algorithm into the model allows for the formation of grain boundaries of finite thickness in f and nil thickness in θ.
By appropriate choice of Ei, the model can incorporate realistic descriptions of grain-boundary energy, e.g. to include grain-boundary anisotropy.
They further show how the grain structure of the interfacial region is affected by the liquid migration, and becomes distinctly columnar.
At this point, solidification started and progressed at a varying rate, leaving behind a columnar grain structure.

However, unfortunately, poor ductility and low fracture toughness of TiAl alloys at ambient temperature limit their practical use as the ordered crystal structure of TiAl hinders dislocation motions and offers only a limited number of independent slip systems [1-3].
Table 3 Porosity of Ti-48Al-2Mn-2Nb samples by CSD and HIP State Fracture toughness KQ [MPa.m1/2] Structure CSD 23.6 full lamellar HIP 15.3 lamellar + equiaxed γ grains CSD+HT1250 10.6 equiaxed γ grains CSD+HT1400 12.4 equiaxed γ grains + lamellar HIP+HT1400 14.0 lamellar + equiaxed γ grains CSD HIP State spray condition mean min std dev mean std dev vacuum 2.20 0.3 1.46 0.38 0.26 Porosity [%] argon 2.38 1.03 1.24 0.06 0.03 CSD processing offers Ti-48Al-2Mn-2Nb intermetallic finer and random arrangements lamellar microstructure, in which the average size of lamellar colonies is about 50-200µm in diameter [5, 6].
At the same time to close the porosity of CSD blank, HIP process obtained a duplex microstructure, which consists of lamellar structures and equiaxed gamma grains.
This indicates that equiaxed gamma grain is of benefit to plastic deformation.
It shows that equiaxed gamma grains in duplex structure are less contribution to improve crack growth resistance, which lacks ligaments bridging from many microcracks in front of crack tip.

Li et al. [9] studied the grain refinement of a PMF on Al-5wt.
Yang, Grain refinement effect of a pulsed magnetic field on as-cast superalloy K417, J.
Yang, Grain refinement effect of pulsed magnetic field on solidified microstructure of superalloy IN718, J.
Yang, Grain refinement of Al-Cu alloy in low voltage pulsed magnetic field, J.
Yang, Grain refinement of as cast superalloy K4169 solidified with low voltage pulsed magnetic field, Mater.

Fibronectin arrangement in biofilm and the total number of cells adhering to the substrate and the number of apoptotic cells in this population were analyzed.
The grain size of α phase is estimated as about 5 µm.
It appears that the differently oriented α platelets within the β grains form a Widmanstätten structure, similar to that described in Ref. [22].
However, the fairly high number of possible phases in the Ti- Fig. 1.
The low number of adherent osteoblast-like cells can be related to a low formation and release rate of fibronectin by these cells.

According to the requirements of ‘Technical Specifications for Construction of Highway Asphalt Pavement (JTGF40-2004)’, materials, include polymer modified asphalt of Shell Group, coarse aggregate (basalt, which were divided into two groups by grain size), fine aggregate (artificial-sand), packing (mineral fines) and fiber stabilizer (lignin fiber), used in SMA-13 WMA, were tested in quality [7].
Table2 Quality test of coarse aggregate (basalt) Testing Items Requirements Results 10~15mm 5~10mm Crushing value of basalt [%] ≤ 26 12.2 -- Abrasion loss  [%] ≤ 28 11.2 11.3 Relative density [t/m3] ≥2.60 2.952 2.939 Water absorption [%] ≤ 2.0 1.83 1.40 Flakiness content of mixture [%] ≤ 15 9 8.3 Grain size>9.5mm [%] ≤ 12 9 -- Grain size<9.5mm [%] ≤ 18 -- 8.3 Content as washing method<0.075mm [%] ≤ 1 1.0 0.1 Content of soft stone [%] ≤ 3 0 0 Adhesiveness  [grade] ≥ 4 5 5 Table3 Quality test of packing (mineral fines) Testing items Requirements Results Relative density [t/m3] ≥2.50 2.776 Moisture Content [%] ≤1 0.39 Grain size<0.6mm [%] 100 100.0 <0.15mm [%] 90~100 99.2 <0.075mm [%] 75~100 96.4 Appearance No particle agglomerate Hydrophilic coefficient <1 0.6 Plasticity index <4 2.3 Heating stability Measured value No color-change Table4 Quality test of lignin fiber Testing items Requirements Results Ash content [%] 18±5, no volatile 22.8 PH 7.5±1.0 7.5 Fiber length
Based on SMA proportion ascertained by above HMA tests, mixed 8F WMA additives Evotherm in the ratio of additive: asphalt=10: 90, and Marshall tests were respectively carried in the compaction temperature of 110°C, 125°C, 140°C and number of 50, 70 and 100.
By comparison, we get the most optimum compaction temperature and number of Marshall tests of SMA-13 WMA (with additive) are respectively 140°C and 75 times.
So compared with HMA, the compaction number of WMA (with additive) increases from 50 times to 75 times and compaction temperature drops to 140°C from 165°C, but WMA and HMA have no obvious difference in voidage in the same proportion.

Particularly in commercial aluminium alloys the complexity of matrix results in a number of features that are potential sites where competing fatigue crack initiation mechanisms may occur.
As an example, fatigue cracks can initiate at persistent slip bands, grain boundaries and inclusions, depending on processing condition, stress range, loading and environment.
The experimental result of the fatigue test for under-aged (UA) and peak-aged (T3) at stress ratio R= 0.1, maximum stress vs. number of cycles to failure.
The data is given in the form of a Wöhler diagram with the maximum applied stress as a function of the number of cycles to the failure.
The experimental result of the fatigue test for under-aged (UA) and peak-aged (T3) at stress ratio R= -0.4, stress range vs. number of cycles to failure..

This phenomenon has been reliably established in a number of other papers [2-6].
Metrological and methodological features of such experimental studies are reflected in a number of works [7-9].
Such surface treatment has allowed to create a surface with a number of contrast points applied irregularly (chaotically) over the surface of the sample under study.
A characteristic feature of this stage, according to the literature [2,3,5], is the simultaneous existence of elastically deformed grains together with plastically deformed grains.
The transition to stage III is accompanied by an increase in the proportion of plastically deformed grains with an increase in the applied stress, and a decrease in the proportion of elastically deformed grains (Fig. 5, patterns 2).

Gorana et.al. [8] reported that percentage of abrasives in the medium, grain size and viscosity of the base medium are important parameters that influence stock removal and medium velocity.
They also reported that depth of penetration of abrasive particle depends on extrusion pressure, abrasive medium viscosity, and grain size.
Some of the researchers have studied the effects of process parameters like extrusion pressure, abrasive concentration, grain size, number of cycles etc. with respect to surface roughness and material removal of ferrous and non ferrous metal work-piece.
A good number of hidden neurons will ensure correct learning, and the network is able to correctly predict the data it has been trained on.
Hence the selection of the number of neurons in hidden layer is crucial.