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Since then a number of methods have been developed to prepare nanostructured thin film electrodes starting from the vapour, liquid, or solid phases [8].
The XRD results of the CZTSe were analyzed by comparison with JCPDS Card number 98-006-7242.
XRD peaks were compared with JCPDS Card number 98-006-7242 and indexed.
Image of the Without-AGC film shows irregularly shaped grains with sizes ranging from 40.9 to 134.0 nm.
This lowers recombination and traps inside grains and at the grain boundaries.

Microstructure analysis Microstructure of the hammer-axe is consists of crystallites with developed grain boundaries (Fig. 3a and b).
In both flat axes, the microstructure with well-developed grain boundaries was revealed (Fig. 4).
The large grains, some of them including twins, that exist in the microstructure of the flat axe suggest that an object was forged followed by annealing (Fig. 4a and b).
In the case of the flanged axe the small grains indicate recrystallization processes in the structure (Fig. 4c and d).
It is significant that in comparison to the other objects of a such type, the analyzed one has a unique number (two) of turns in a cylindrical link, as in general the number is not less than the four (Fig. 13).

Besides, the Field emission scanning electron microscope exhibited the poly grains morphology of the crystalline samples.
Moreover, the rare earth (RE) ions have drawn attention to substituting as an efficient ion in many optical materials due to their large number of absorption and emission bands surfacing from the transitions within the energy levels.
All sintered at 1000℃ Key Shows cracks Shows the Samarium strips It was observed that the surface morphology of the particles was not uniform in grains size and irregular in shape [16].
The particles turned to combine, actively and exhibited a good connectivity within grains.
FESEM analysis disclosed the high reduction of pores, increased in poly grain sizes and agglomeration of the sample due to the high diffusion of ions into the samples.

The obtained results indicated that the percentage of removal increased at high aspect ratio of cavity and higher Reynolds number of flow but it shows more significant changes as increasing aspect ratio rather than increasing Reynolds number.
Introduction Modelling of transport and dispersion in two-phase particle-laden flows include sediment grains in rivers, cloud particles in the atmosphere, fluidized beds and fluid-solid cyclone separators.
It covered a range of Reynolds number up to 1000 and the aspect ratio of 0.25 to 4.0.
Figure 4: Removal rate for various aspect ratio at various Reynolds number.
It is also shown similar relation that higher Reynolds number will gives higher removal.

Along with the creation of a load-bearing nugget, the Zn coating melts and - especially with the 3rd generation AHSS - penetrates the steel primarily along austenite grain boundaries and, when not completely transformed, prior austenite grain boundaries (PAGB), which embrittles the steel and causes cracks to open. [5].
The cross section was then analyzed for all appearing cracks by means of maximum crack length, and mean crack number per weld.
The results are displayed by the mean crack number (Figure 3a), and maximum crack length (Figure 3b) respectively as a function of welding time.
Comparison of the alloying elements Si and Al on crack measurements for 520 ms and 1300 ms welding time a) mean crack number b) maximum crack length.
Zhou, Liquid metal embrittlement in laser lap joining of TWIP and medium manganese TRIP steel: The role of stress and grain boundaries, Materials Characterization 145 (2018) 627-633

c) Normalize the number.
(a) Number with smaller exponent was chosen and its mantissa was shifted right, the number of steps equal to the difference of the exponents.
A single double precision multiply-add and two single precision multiply-add operations can be done in parallel.Some of the related works based on embedded floating point units are presented here: A work by Ho et al. presents hybrid FPGA architecture, where coarse-grained units are embedded into the FPGA.Each coarse grained unit contains word blocks in addition to floating point multipliers and adders.
The hybrid FPGA work by Ho et.al synthesis an FPU library for FPUs embedded in their coarse grained unit.
The FPUs in the coarse grained units were double-precision only.

Research on ceramic toughening has experienced fiber-, whisker-, grain- and phase transformation reinforcement in the past two decades.
The difference size of Ti3SiC2 grains was tertiary toughening behavior.
Bending strength and work of fracture with a various number of layers [13].
Effect of layer number (N).
Fig. 14 shows the bending strength and work of fracture with a various number of layers, it is found that the bending strength decreases with the layer number increasing.

At high temperatures, when the niobium is in solid solution in the austenite, recrystallisation is complete between passes, leading to progressive grain refinement.
For product properties, the ferrite grain size is the most critical microstructural variable, but the volume fraction and distribution of fine niobium carbonitride precipitates formed in the ferrite during cooling also play an important role.
The number of particles per unit volume is decreased by coarsening, as illustrated by the falling curve (dashed line) after pass 1 in Fig. 7.
The coarsening rapidly balances the increasing number density due to continuing nucleation, to give a maximum of 0.67 No about 11 s after pass 1.
Equations developed for coarsening on grain boundaries [12] or for coarsening by pipe diffusion [13], which give higher powers of d than equation (17), may be more applicable to coarsening of particles on microbands.

Because the fine grain strengthening obtained by rapid solidification and the additived small atomic elements like C, Si further increase the distortion of the solid solution lattice, The microhardness of the coating reached above 800 HV and is 50 % higher than previous study on the similar composition by arc melting technique.
This restricts the number of alloys that can be studied.
Due to the higher cooling rate at the top of the coating, the effects of fine grain and solid solution strengthening are increased, the microhardness decreased from 810 HV at the top area to 770 HV at the interface of the coating.
Due to the increasing effects of fine grain and solid solution strengthening, the microhardness of the coating reach above 800 HV and is 50% higher than that in previous study on the similar composition by arc melting technique.

For the Mo-Ni ore that mineral composition is complex, and the grade is relatively low, the flotation’s effect is not good in advance for enrichment, because of the influence of fine grained level gangue minerals.
This study use the flotation to enrich the Mo-Ni ore of Hunan Zhangjiajie, but because the ore contains a lot of low density gangue minerals, and dissemination size is fine, a large number of gangue minerals adhere to the surface of purpose minerals, and it impact the flotation.
Conclusion The small diameter hydrocyclone discard the level of fine grained level gangue minerals in Mo-Ni ore, its effect is notable, and the ratio of pre-discard tailings is 30 %.
Because of reducing the influence of the fine grained level gangue minerals to the flotation, the efficiency of the flotation is improved, and compared with the single flotation process, the flotation index is greatly increased.