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Particular considerations are given to fuel burn affecting greenhouse gases and cloud effects due to trailing vortices and hence contrail.
Other means of increasing L/D are increasing the wing span, reducing the vortex drag factor as well as the profile drag area.
The requirements that the mixture must reach approximately water saturation (and not only ice saturation or any other relative humidity) is the only empirical component of the Schmidt-Appleman theory, and it is related to the ice-forming properties of emitted particles.
The radiative forcing of contrails on a global scale can be directly linked to both contrail occurrences and their radiative properties, whereas the principles determining contrail occurrences or radiative properties can be attributed to wake dynamics, contrail potential, the temporal and spatial distribution of aircraft routes, the propulsion device architecture, and the spatial and temporal characteristics of the flight path trajectory.
Scenarios of aviation CO2 emissions show potential increase by factors of 3.summarizes 3 to 5 until 2050.

The mechanical properties of the scaffold should be similar to the mechanical properties of the natural bone at the defect site to ensure the implant is providing sufficient support [30, 31].
Mechanical properties of PLA graphene filament for FDM 3D printing.
Lizarralde, N., Sánchez del Río, J., González, C., Llorca, J., Processing and mechanical properties of novel biodegradable poly-lactic acid/Zn 3D printed scaffolds for application in tissue regeneration.
A Review of Synthesis Methods, Properties and Use of Hydroxyapatite as a Substitute of Bone.
Dielectric and biodegradation properties of biodegradable nano-hydroxyapatite/starch bone scaffold.

If the extent and position of damage is diagnosed promptly and damages could been reinforced and repaired promptly, we can not only lengthen the entire life of bridge, moreover can safeguard the people's life and the property.
Any structure can be regarded as the mechanical system composed of the rigidity, the mass, and the damp.
Its merit is that the vibration factor can be regarded as the driving source, and the damage monitoring process does not affect the normal operating of structure, then it is possible to complete the monitoring and the recognition of damage conveniently.
(a) Simple supported beam with smaller rigidity (b) Simple supported beam with bigger rigidity (c) Continuous beam with hinged support (d) Continuous beam with fixed support Fig.1 The model of beam in four cases Table 1 Six degrees of damaged cases Cases 1 2 3 4 5 6 Damaged element no 13 31,32 13 31,32 13 31,32 13 31,32 13 31,32 Extent of damage no 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% In the computation, three kinds of different factors have been considered: rigidity of structure, boundary condition, structure system.
The reason of selecting the factor is that some steel bridge is quite gentle with relatively small rigidity and some concretes bridge is quite heavy with relatively big rigidity in the practice.

Only the half-oxidized and half-protonated form, emeraldine salt (ES), exhibits electroconductive properties and for this reason it has received large attention.
PANI/CSA electromechanical properties were investigated by 4-point-bending tests in a Shimadzu-AG-IS 500 N testing instrument at a speed of 2.5 mm/min and a maximum vertical (z axis) displacement of 2.5 mm while simultaneously measuring the electrical resistivity variation with a digital multimeter Agilent 34401A.
Once dimers are produced, they react immediately leading to first oligomers and then polymers.If on the one hand the trans-azobenzene formation can affect the structure, purity and conductivity of PANI, on the other hand the benzidine production is risky for its toxic and carcinogenic properties [7], limiting the potential application of PANI produced by this way, in particular in the medical and biomedical sectors.
Low PANI crystallinity can be related to different factors: conditions of synthesis, kind and amount of acid used as the doping agent, molecular weight and random orientation of polymeric chains [17].
In this case, PANI works as a metal, whose change in resistance is mainly due to geometrical factors (see Eq. 1) [25].

The finite element analysis: transfer car frame 3D modeling into SolidWorks COSMOS Works environment, setting Material properties: Q235, Elastic modulus: E = 206, Poisson's ratio: µ = 0.3, Material density: ρ = 7850[3].Exert constraint conditions: at each end of machine beam's 200place set constraints to be fixed.
Safety factor result is shown in Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Drive device's safety coefficient cloud Safety factor's finite element analysis results as follows: Observe safety factor cloud in the Fig. 7.
Minimum safety factor reach at 5.3, the safety factor of main rope hitch plate is 10.2, maximum the straightness of vice-rope hitch plate is 6.8.
Safety factor meet enterprise standards of safety coefficient requirements.

Introduction The most commonly used die cast magnesium alloy is AZ91 which has good combination of castability, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance [1, 2].
For improving the mechanical properties at elevated temperature, rare earth elements were added [4].
The main aim of SSM process is to obtain small rounded globules in order to improve the thixotropic behavior and the mechanical properties of the alloy, therefore refining of the globules becomes very important.
Ebert, "Magnesium Properties-Applications-Potential", Materials science and engineering A, 302, 2001, pp. 37-45
Mabuchi, "Effects of Ca addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloys", Journal of materials science, 36, 2001, pp. 3035-3040

One of the factors hindering the normal development of additive construction technologies is the lack of reasonable methods for evaluating the suitability of mixtures for printing.
This technique was previously used by us when studying the properties of mixtures for construction printing [16].
Figure 4 shows the dynamics of changes in some properties of the developed compounds over time.
Mechanical pressure in most cases is created by the screw blade, piston pressure or peristaltic method, and serves as the main factor in the directional movement of the mixture at a given speed.
Klimenko, Structure and Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Ceramic Specimens, Russian Physics Journal. 62 (5) (2019) 876–881.

Introduction The initial stress field is not only a key factor that affects the mechanical properties of rock mass, but also an important power source that causes deformation and damage in the changing of environmental conditions [1].
The linear back analysis establishes a multiple regression mathematical model to solve the initial stress field by presenting the linear relationship between the initial stress field and the possible factors.
In the equation, is defined as the function of contributing factors for the formation of the initial stress field, such as the weight of rock mass, geological tectonic movements and etc.
For the influence of these factors can be equivalently simulated by applying load and boundary conditions into the finite element model, can also be regarded as the function of the applied load and boundary conditions.
By weighting all the three back analysis factors and the displacement and stress field of the model under unit load, the back analyzed field is gotten and the back analyzed stresses of ten measuring points are shown in Table 1.

Prof., Dept of Mechanical Engineering, M.N.M.Jain Engineering, College 2 Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Sai Ram Institute of Technology 3Dept of Mechanical Engineering, Jeppiaar Engg.
Titanium alloys are attractive materials used in different engineering applications, due to its excellent combination of properties such as high strength to weight ratio, good corrosion resistance and high temperature applicability.
Palanikumar have indicated that, the Surface roughness is an influencing factor as it affects the dimensional accuracy of a machining.
Membership function for Input parameter for Nose Radius Results and Discussions Titanium and alloys have superior properties like good strength to weight ratio and high corrosion resistance.
They are classified under difficult-to-Machine materials, due to high strength at high temperatures, increasing cutting forces, and their thermal properties.

Compared with Figure 2, the primary silicon grains in Figure 3 are obviously refined and the shape factors are modified somewhat.
These factors can make the primary silicon grains larger.
Owing to the higher silicon content in Al-25%Si aluminum silicon alloy, a refining modification treatment generally is required when solidified, so that the equivalent diameter of the primary silicon grains can only meet the requirements of the mechanical properties.
Mandal, Size of primary silicon particles and mechanical properties of as cast high-silicon Al alloys, Trans.
An, Microstructure and mechanical properties of rheo-diecast hypereutectic Al-Si alloy with 2%Fe assisted with ultrasonic vibration process, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 568 (2013) 42-48