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Online since: March 2014
Authors: Xian Feng Li, Jian Guo Xu, Hao Zhang, Jun Dong, Yu Jie Pei
Due to the SCR as a regulator SVC execution unit, it has a continuous step less adjustment (by changing the thyristor conduction angle), especially suitable for some industrial applications that require fast compensation, such as metallurgy, petrochemical and other industrial load, can significantly improve the user's power factor (highest accessible 1), the greatest degree of energy loss reduction for users while reducing voltage fluctuations and flicker in public users connected to the grid points.
According to operational data, system uptime, the bus voltage changes are as follows: 220kV bus: Maximum: 231 kV Minimum: 226.4 kV; 66kV bus: Maximum: 70.5kV Min: 65.9 kV
According to the simulation and the actual test site, assuming normal TCR slip issued during the trip 40Mvar, system rated voltage is 66kV, the system failure, Wanghua Power Plant Unit 3 tripped splitting after TCR, FC slip road trip, will the system At least reactive voltage 2.5kV reduction (system voltage 63.5kV); and if TCR branch trip, FC slip reservations could only be caused by voltage 0.9kV reduction system (system voltage 65.1kV), fully meet the petrochemical other high-risk users of the supply voltage requirements.
SVC device into operation for Lishizhai network to improve power factor, stable voltage levels, reduce the power loss has played an integral role for the future into static reactive power compensation device SVC using accumulated valuable experience and data.
According to operational data, system uptime, the bus voltage changes are as follows: 220kV bus: Maximum: 231 kV Minimum: 226.4 kV; 66kV bus: Maximum: 70.5kV Min: 65.9 kV
According to the simulation and the actual test site, assuming normal TCR slip issued during the trip 40Mvar, system rated voltage is 66kV, the system failure, Wanghua Power Plant Unit 3 tripped splitting after TCR, FC slip road trip, will the system At least reactive voltage 2.5kV reduction (system voltage 63.5kV); and if TCR branch trip, FC slip reservations could only be caused by voltage 0.9kV reduction system (system voltage 65.1kV), fully meet the petrochemical other high-risk users of the supply voltage requirements.
SVC device into operation for Lishizhai network to improve power factor, stable voltage levels, reduce the power loss has played an integral role for the future into static reactive power compensation device SVC using accumulated valuable experience and data.
Online since: May 2014
Authors: J. Escudero, E. Solórzano, Miguel A. Rodríguez-Pérez, Javier Pinto, J. Martín de León, D. Velasco, B. Notario
Results of the amount of CO2 uptake as well as the final crystallinity for these materials are presented in Table 1 (data measured after 120 minutes of gas dissolution).
From CO2 uptake data (Table 1), it can be inferred that the peak appears when a threshold CO2 concentration (about 11-13 wt.%) is reached (time needed to reach this concentration decreases with the increment of pressure and increases with the increment of sample thickness as corresponds to gas dissolution processes).
It seems that the transmissivity evolution of PLA samples under CO2 pressure can be split into two or three phenomena contributing to the measured curves. 1) Reduction of transmissivity due to the crystallinity increment. 2) Reduction of transmissivity due to other phenomena related to the presence of CO2. 3) Small contribution of the CO2 sorption in the reduction of transmissivity.
From CO2 uptake data (Table 1), it can be inferred that the peak appears when a threshold CO2 concentration (about 11-13 wt.%) is reached (time needed to reach this concentration decreases with the increment of pressure and increases with the increment of sample thickness as corresponds to gas dissolution processes).
It seems that the transmissivity evolution of PLA samples under CO2 pressure can be split into two or three phenomena contributing to the measured curves. 1) Reduction of transmissivity due to the crystallinity increment. 2) Reduction of transmissivity due to other phenomena related to the presence of CO2. 3) Small contribution of the CO2 sorption in the reduction of transmissivity.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Valentina V. Smirnova, Alexander P. Ilyin, Anton S. Brichkov, Anastasiya V. Zabolotskaya
Reduction of weight (wt.% by weight of the initial sample) sample of titanium dioxide and treated with ultrasonic probe in distilled water, depending on the heating temperature
Designation of the sample
Reducing the mass of the test samples (wt.% by weight of the initial sample) versus temperature heating
The total weight reduction, wt. %
The value endoeffect, J/g (t, °C)
20-200, °C
200-400, °C
400-600, °C
600-800, °C
800-1000, °C
< 60 °С
< 200 °С
S1
0.56
0.49
0.43
0.12
1.6
98.8 (44 °С)
124.4 (181 °С)
S2
0.45
0.27
0.40
0.18
1.3
104.1 (34 °С)
96.2 (184 °)
S3
0.64
0.75
0.24
0.17
1.8
93.0 (51 °С)
146.7 (180 °С)
Comparing the results of thermal analysis of samples of titanium dioxide was activated ultrasound and DC in deionised water (Tab. 1) and sample splitting TiO2 made in different parts of the interelectrode space, can make a conclusion (the results of the calculation of the total weight reduction samples) that, depending on what part of the interelectrode space was a sample formed on
The absorption maximum (and their intensities) in the IR spectra of the samples of titanium dioxide, and treated with ultrasonic probe in distilled water and taken in different parts of the interelectrode space Designation of the sample Identification S1 S2 S3 S (the samples annealed at 1000 °C) Maximum absorption bands (cm-1)intensity (%) 3734 – 9 3734 – 6 3730 – 10 ν (OH) 3465 – 26 3425 – 18 3472 – 28 3386 – 17 3318 – 27 3341 – 18 3318 – 29 3412 – 19 1626 – 15 1625 – 9 1635 – 18 – δ (H2O) 1467 – 13 1462 – 8 1426 – 17 – δ (≡Ti-O(H)-Ti≡) 1144 – 46 1136 – 32 1033 – 51 – δ (TiOH) 734 – 88 728 – 86 731 – 89 745 – 74 ν (TiO) 664 – 90 686 – 87 687 – 90 654 – 77 549 – 88 536 – 86 652 – 90 786 – 73 According to the data change ratio of a DC effect of various functional groups on the surface of the titanium dioxide on the location of the sample in the electrochemical cell are based.
The recovery rate (α,%) admixtures of iron ions, manganese ions, nickel ions and chloride ions after adsorption on titanium dioxide samples obtained by treatment in the ultrasonic probe and distilled water, and taken in different parts of the interelectrode space in comparison with non-treated TiO2 Designation of the sample TiO2 in H2O TiO2 without H2O TiO2 annealed at 1000 °C S1 S2 S3 S0 S α, % iron ions 65.9 64.4 70.2 38.7 18.6 manganese ions 74.2 70.3 75.0 42.8 21.4 nickel ions 59.7 57.3 63.5 40.5 20.2 chloride ions 61.5 63.7 59.1 43.3 15.7 According to the data presented in Table 3, the sample S0 was inferior in relation to the sorbent-soluble impurities metal cations and chloride ions.
The absorption maximum (and their intensities) in the IR spectra of the samples of titanium dioxide, and treated with ultrasonic probe in distilled water and taken in different parts of the interelectrode space Designation of the sample Identification S1 S2 S3 S (the samples annealed at 1000 °C) Maximum absorption bands (cm-1)intensity (%) 3734 – 9 3734 – 6 3730 – 10 ν (OH) 3465 – 26 3425 – 18 3472 – 28 3386 – 17 3318 – 27 3341 – 18 3318 – 29 3412 – 19 1626 – 15 1625 – 9 1635 – 18 – δ (H2O) 1467 – 13 1462 – 8 1426 – 17 – δ (≡Ti-O(H)-Ti≡) 1144 – 46 1136 – 32 1033 – 51 – δ (TiOH) 734 – 88 728 – 86 731 – 89 745 – 74 ν (TiO) 664 – 90 686 – 87 687 – 90 654 – 77 549 – 88 536 – 86 652 – 90 786 – 73 According to the data change ratio of a DC effect of various functional groups on the surface of the titanium dioxide on the location of the sample in the electrochemical cell are based.
The recovery rate (α,%) admixtures of iron ions, manganese ions, nickel ions and chloride ions after adsorption on titanium dioxide samples obtained by treatment in the ultrasonic probe and distilled water, and taken in different parts of the interelectrode space in comparison with non-treated TiO2 Designation of the sample TiO2 in H2O TiO2 without H2O TiO2 annealed at 1000 °C S1 S2 S3 S0 S α, % iron ions 65.9 64.4 70.2 38.7 18.6 manganese ions 74.2 70.3 75.0 42.8 21.4 nickel ions 59.7 57.3 63.5 40.5 20.2 chloride ions 61.5 63.7 59.1 43.3 15.7 According to the data presented in Table 3, the sample S0 was inferior in relation to the sorbent-soluble impurities metal cations and chloride ions.
Online since: August 2004
Authors: Marie Pierre Bacos, Philippe Marcus, Vincent Maurice, Sandrine Zanna, Pierre Josso, Yannik Cadoret
The
XPS data processing has been performed with ECLIPSE software using a calculated Shirley
background.
The low S surface coverage obtained by segregation in this experiment is in agreement with previous data reported by Rivoaland et al. [8] that showed that a large amount of sulfur could only be segregated on the Ni-enriched surface of the alloy and that S segregation was limited to small amounts when the surface was Al-enriched.
But the main information is the reduction of the voids growth at 900°C in the NiAlPt sample, under atmospheric pressure.
Therefore, the beneficial effect associated with Pt incorporation could be to increase the diffusion coefficient of aluminium and decreases the diffusivity of others elements [15], which consequently inhibits the Kirkendall mechanism and could explain the drastic reduction in void growth.
Alternatively, during the transformation of crystal structure from monoclinic (θ phase, d = 3,64) to hexagonal (α phase, d = 3,97), the volume reduction (∼ 10 %) , resulting of the higher density of the α phase, contribute to the formation of mechanical stresses in the oxide, which could be reduced with Pt incorporation.
The low S surface coverage obtained by segregation in this experiment is in agreement with previous data reported by Rivoaland et al. [8] that showed that a large amount of sulfur could only be segregated on the Ni-enriched surface of the alloy and that S segregation was limited to small amounts when the surface was Al-enriched.
But the main information is the reduction of the voids growth at 900°C in the NiAlPt sample, under atmospheric pressure.
Therefore, the beneficial effect associated with Pt incorporation could be to increase the diffusion coefficient of aluminium and decreases the diffusivity of others elements [15], which consequently inhibits the Kirkendall mechanism and could explain the drastic reduction in void growth.
Alternatively, during the transformation of crystal structure from monoclinic (θ phase, d = 3,64) to hexagonal (α phase, d = 3,97), the volume reduction (∼ 10 %) , resulting of the higher density of the α phase, contribute to the formation of mechanical stresses in the oxide, which could be reduced with Pt incorporation.
Online since: May 2010
Authors: Eleftheria Lili, Konstantinos D. Bouzakis, G. Skordaris, Emmanouil Bouzakis
These data were
evaluated by an algorithm based on a FEM continuous simulation of nanoindentation [4], which
enables the determination of pristine film and substrate elasto-plastic laws (see fig. 2b).
Furthermore, after the impact procedure, a reduction of the maximum indentation depth occurs in the impact center area compared to the untreated one i.e.
Additional significant data, which can be determined by the developed FEM model, are the film as well as the substrate residual stresses in three main directions (X,Y,Z).
On the other hand, the elastic tensile stresses at reference point Pe lead to a yield stress reduction [9].
Moreover, according to the FEM calculated results, in the region near the imprint center, the intense compressive stresses lead to a reduction of the maximum indentation depth, whereas the tensile ones in the imprint vicinity result to indentation depth increase. 4.3 Analytical results verification Similar investigations i.e FEM calculations and nanoindentations were conducted for impact imprint areas at impact loads of 30 and 90 daN.
Furthermore, after the impact procedure, a reduction of the maximum indentation depth occurs in the impact center area compared to the untreated one i.e.
Additional significant data, which can be determined by the developed FEM model, are the film as well as the substrate residual stresses in three main directions (X,Y,Z).
On the other hand, the elastic tensile stresses at reference point Pe lead to a yield stress reduction [9].
Moreover, according to the FEM calculated results, in the region near the imprint center, the intense compressive stresses lead to a reduction of the maximum indentation depth, whereas the tensile ones in the imprint vicinity result to indentation depth increase. 4.3 Analytical results verification Similar investigations i.e FEM calculations and nanoindentations were conducted for impact imprint areas at impact loads of 30 and 90 daN.
Online since: October 2010
Authors: Yun Bin He, Xiao Yan Liu, Qing Lin Pan, Wen Bin Li
Therefore, numerous constitutive equations have been developed attempting to model the flow behavior of magnesium alloys from the experimental measured data to describe the hot deformation behavior.
Uniaxial compression tests were carried out at constant strain rates from 0.001 to 1s-1 and at temperatures from 523 to 673K on the Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator with a height reduction of 60%.
Therefore, the stress peak is not identical with the onset of DRX, rather reduction of DRX has to occur before peak strain εp is reached.
This is attributed to the high temperature leading to the increase of the stored energy and reduction the critical strain of DRX.
The stress-strain data obtained from isothermal compression tests can be used to determine the materials constants of the constitutive equation.
Uniaxial compression tests were carried out at constant strain rates from 0.001 to 1s-1 and at temperatures from 523 to 673K on the Gleeble-1500 thermal simulator with a height reduction of 60%.
Therefore, the stress peak is not identical with the onset of DRX, rather reduction of DRX has to occur before peak strain εp is reached.
This is attributed to the high temperature leading to the increase of the stored energy and reduction the critical strain of DRX.
The stress-strain data obtained from isothermal compression tests can be used to determine the materials constants of the constitutive equation.
Online since: November 2003
Authors: Sean B. Leen, Wei Siang Sum, Edward J. Williams
The latter two
variables are also important when investigating fretting wear, whereas local stress and strain data
are crucial for plain fatigue lifing.
Table 1 shows some of these geometrical data for the 18-toothed spline coupling that have been non-dimensionalised with respect to the pitch circle diameter (D).
When the bore size is increased to 0.76D, there is a reduction in the � 11 stress along the fillet and root of the tooth.
This is due to the combined effects of a reduction in the load per tooth, which leads to a reduction in stress magnitudes; a sharper fillet radius, which leads to increased peak stresses in the fillet; and movement of the contact-side fillet away from the contact trailing-edge stress concentration, which leads to reduced contact-side fillet stresses.
Table 1 shows some of these geometrical data for the 18-toothed spline coupling that have been non-dimensionalised with respect to the pitch circle diameter (D).
When the bore size is increased to 0.76D, there is a reduction in the � 11 stress along the fillet and root of the tooth.
This is due to the combined effects of a reduction in the load per tooth, which leads to a reduction in stress magnitudes; a sharper fillet radius, which leads to increased peak stresses in the fillet; and movement of the contact-side fillet away from the contact trailing-edge stress concentration, which leads to reduced contact-side fillet stresses.
Online since: February 2014
Authors: Pan Fei Liu, Peng Cheng Yue, Jian Zhon Dong, Ping Ping Ding
An optimum binder content was chosen for all mixtures so that the amount of binder would not confound the analysis of the test data.
From this data, it exhibits that Tensile Strength Ratio value of asphalt concrete with AMF is higher than that of non-containing AMP asphalt concrete and that all of those value conform to specification.
Base on Fig. 3, it can be seen that the reduction amplitude of TSR of asphalt concrete containing lime filler (controlled group) is bigger than asphalt concrete with AFP(experiment group).
Compared with the rutting test, the dynamic stability value of soaking rutting decreased from 4701.5 to 1754.9 and from 5943.4 to 3103.4, moreover the reduction amplitude of asphalt concrete containing lime filler is bigger than asphalt concrete with AMP, 2946.6 and 2839.9 respectively.
However the reduction amplitude of base asphalt concrete is bigger than asphalt concrete contenting AMP.
From this data, it exhibits that Tensile Strength Ratio value of asphalt concrete with AMF is higher than that of non-containing AMP asphalt concrete and that all of those value conform to specification.
Base on Fig. 3, it can be seen that the reduction amplitude of TSR of asphalt concrete containing lime filler (controlled group) is bigger than asphalt concrete with AFP(experiment group).
Compared with the rutting test, the dynamic stability value of soaking rutting decreased from 4701.5 to 1754.9 and from 5943.4 to 3103.4, moreover the reduction amplitude of asphalt concrete containing lime filler is bigger than asphalt concrete with AMP, 2946.6 and 2839.9 respectively.
However the reduction amplitude of base asphalt concrete is bigger than asphalt concrete contenting AMP.
Online since: January 2015
Authors: Piotr Szota, Seweryn Wąsek, Andrzej Stefanik, Sebastian Mróz
This modification provides the possibility of increasing the bite angle, and thus applying larger reductions in rolling passes.
Also the stability of band plastic flow in the groove is improved, and a reduction in the non-uniformity of deformation over the bimetallic band width follows.
Each roll had an individual drive provided by a 7.5 kW rated-power asynchronous alternating-current motor via a reducer of a reduction ratio of 1:22.4 and a drive shaft.
This was due to, among other things, the employed method of measuring the cross-sectional areas of test samples, for which a Nikon Eclipse MA-200 optical microscope equipped with the NIS-Elements data acquisition and analysis software was used.
When examining the data shown in Figure 4 it can be noticed that the non-uniform distribution of copper layer thickness has been significantly minimized as compared with the results of studies [4, 5, 10–12].
Also the stability of band plastic flow in the groove is improved, and a reduction in the non-uniformity of deformation over the bimetallic band width follows.
Each roll had an individual drive provided by a 7.5 kW rated-power asynchronous alternating-current motor via a reducer of a reduction ratio of 1:22.4 and a drive shaft.
This was due to, among other things, the employed method of measuring the cross-sectional areas of test samples, for which a Nikon Eclipse MA-200 optical microscope equipped with the NIS-Elements data acquisition and analysis software was used.
When examining the data shown in Figure 4 it can be noticed that the non-uniform distribution of copper layer thickness has been significantly minimized as compared with the results of studies [4, 5, 10–12].
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Chuan Zhang, Wei Da He
Ke Wang et al studied the CO2 emissions reduction potential in China’s iron and steel industry.
Empirical analysis We standardized the sample data before analyzing them to make the data comparability.we select 13 indicators and 5 common factors to assess the financial risk of iron and steel companies through adjusting financial indicators(as shown in Table 1).
Variables Factor rotating load estimation Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 1 Main Business Profitability .814 -.046 .927 .036 -.178 2 ROA .978 .146 -.025 -.024 .323 3 ROE .961 .009 .204 .196 .323 4 Current Ratio -.141 .961 .319 .295 .021 5 Quick Ratio .236 .923 -.006 -.003 .163 6 Debt Asset Ratio -.144 .817 -.204 -.256 -.178 7 Total Assets Turnover .077 .288 .825 .564 -.042 8 Shareholders’ Rights Growth Rate .213 .121 .034 .884 .026 9 Net Profit Rate of Return .023 .241 .028 .956 .356 10 Accounts Receivable Turnover -.070 -.286 .074 .236 .853 11 Inventory Turnover .862 .261 -.030 -.562 .272 12 Carbon Reduction R&D Spending Growth Rate -.161 .136 .037 .125 .896 13 Carbon Reduction Cost growth rate -.196 .067 .189 .562 .913 Eigenvalue 3.615 3.232 2.564 1.137 1.021 Variance Contribution 32.568 26.695 22.368 10.236 7.654 The Cumulative Variance Contribution Rate 32.568 59.273 81.641 91.877 98.531 Name of Factors Profitabi-lity Factor Solvency Factor Carbon Reduc- tion Ability
Empirical analysis We standardized the sample data before analyzing them to make the data comparability.we select 13 indicators and 5 common factors to assess the financial risk of iron and steel companies through adjusting financial indicators(as shown in Table 1).
Variables Factor rotating load estimation Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Factor 5 1 Main Business Profitability .814 -.046 .927 .036 -.178 2 ROA .978 .146 -.025 -.024 .323 3 ROE .961 .009 .204 .196 .323 4 Current Ratio -.141 .961 .319 .295 .021 5 Quick Ratio .236 .923 -.006 -.003 .163 6 Debt Asset Ratio -.144 .817 -.204 -.256 -.178 7 Total Assets Turnover .077 .288 .825 .564 -.042 8 Shareholders’ Rights Growth Rate .213 .121 .034 .884 .026 9 Net Profit Rate of Return .023 .241 .028 .956 .356 10 Accounts Receivable Turnover -.070 -.286 .074 .236 .853 11 Inventory Turnover .862 .261 -.030 -.562 .272 12 Carbon Reduction R&D Spending Growth Rate -.161 .136 .037 .125 .896 13 Carbon Reduction Cost growth rate -.196 .067 .189 .562 .913 Eigenvalue 3.615 3.232 2.564 1.137 1.021 Variance Contribution 32.568 26.695 22.368 10.236 7.654 The Cumulative Variance Contribution Rate 32.568 59.273 81.641 91.877 98.531 Name of Factors Profitabi-lity Factor Solvency Factor Carbon Reduc- tion Ability