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Shape Memory Alloys Fundamentals The studies with NiTi alloys, with shape memory effect, also denominated Nitinol, started in 1967, with Buehler and Wang.
Besides the NiTi alloys, other alloy compositions with shape memory effect were also studied; as for the stainless alloys, Fe-Mn-Si (Cr-Ni) and Fe-Mn-S (Cr-Ni-Co), and the metallic alloys Cu-Zn, Ti-Nb, Ni-Al, Au-Cu-Zn and Cu-Al-Ni [25].
The development of a mathematical model for the analysis of the dynamic behavior of a composite reinforced by alloys with shape memory was presented in [69], with the aim to analyze the acoustic behavior of the material.
Applications of the Shape Memory Alloys The applications of shape memory alloys are diverse.
Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 541 (2012). pp. 407

A case study of an abrasive belt grinding performance applied on nickel-based superalloy GH4169 in manufacturing processes is presented, aiming to investigate the possibility of using belt grinding as a operation for components made of nickel-based superalloy GH4169.
Introduction Superalloy, also called heat-resistant alloy, has high strength, excellent thermal stability and thermal fatigue resistance. 
Due to the especially characteristics of superalloy, including multi component alloy, low thermal conductivity, high hardness in high temperature, and containing a large amount of carbides, nitrides, oxides, metallic compounds and so on, and then resulted in poorly grinding performance as follows:1) Normally, the grinding ratio G is very low with wheel grinding, just only 1~2, and resulted in more serious abrasion wear and adhesion blocking when grinding the superalloy;2) Strong plastic deformation is easily produced, so the grinding force is much larger than others;3) The heat, induced into the workpiece, is relatively low, and then concentrated in the thin surface layer, so the grinding temperature is very high;4) Because of the comprehensive effect of grinding force and temperature, the surface quality is difficult to be guaranteed.
Kwong, et al: Journal of materials processing technology, 209(2009)1843-1852 [3]P.H.
Sura, et al: Journal of materials processing technology, 182 (2007) 498–511 [5] P.K.

After heat-treatment, all the phases transform into ternary Al-Fe-Si or binary Fe-Al intermetallic compounds by inter-diffusion and by solidification reactions (Fig. 1).
Rivlin “Phase Equilibria in Iron Ternary Alloys – Part 4”, The Institute of Metals, 1988, p. 122-139
Turmezey, Intermetallic Phases in the Aluminium-Side Corner of AlFeSi-Alloy System, J Mater.
Gupta, “Intermetallic compound formation in Fe-Al-Si ternary system: Part 2”, Materials Characterization 49 (2003), p. 293-311
Raghavan “Al-Fe-Si (Aluminium-Iron-Silicon) Section II: Phase Diagram Evaluations”, Journal of Phase Equilibria, Vol. 23, No. 4, 2002, p. 362.

This problem is not unique to aluminum alloys or aircraft however.
It is based on the aluminum alloy 7010-T7651 used in the RAAF Hawk.
Corrosion Inhibiting Compounds have been shown to be effective in achieving this [6].
Summary This paper has described models which predict how corrosion damage affects the fatigue life and failure locations of fatigue specimens of the aluminum alloys 7010-T7651 and 7050-T7451.
International Journal of Fatigue 19 (SUPPL.1) S275-S283 [12] Harter, J.

As an additional reference a graphite-free lubricant was considered which is recommended for the warm forming of steel, special alloys and nonferrous metals to obtain lubricant free products.
Using modified plasma conditions (lower ratio pd:pp) it was possible to define a type III process without compound layer and similar nhd but higher surface hardness.
A further investigation of the development of the tool topography of forging dies during processing and according wear mechanisms is the global aim of the project “TopoSchmieden”.
Aim of the work is finding localized treatments for complex industrial dies.
Greene, Journal of Applied Physics 100 (2006) 44301

Journal of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials Vol. 9 © 2001 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland Structure and thermal stability of ball-milled Fe-FeOxide mixtures E.
Berti Pichat 6/2, I- 40127 Bologna, Italy Keywords: Mechanical alloying; Binary Oxides; Phase transformations; X-ray diffraction.
In the production of compounds, chemical reactions are generally induced and are driven by the energy transferred during the milling process [2].
The aim of this research work is to gain an insight into how the different mechanical energy transfer of two different milling devices (a mixer/shaker mill and a planetary ball mill) may affect the synthesis process and the features of the final products.
Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 3 pure metals, resulting in a lower annihilation rate of defects during the initial stages of the grain refinement [4].

The aim of this work is to investigate hydrophobic silica coating on cooper surface by electrophoretic deposition.
Boccaccini, Electrophoretic deposition: From traditional ceramics to nanotechnology, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 28 (2008) 1353-1354 [7] Y.
Saji, One-step electrophoretic deposition for the preparation of superhydrophobic silica particle/trimethylsiloxysilicate composite coatings, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 362 (2011) 560–564 [10] Q.
Hyun, Optimization of instantaneous solvent exchange-surface modification process for ambient synthesis of monolithic silica aerogels, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 322 (2008) 225
Koebel, Synthesis and characterization of transparent hydrophobic silica thin films by single step sol–gel process and dip coating , Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 496 (2010) 436 [13] D.B.

Introduction The increasing demand for titanium alloys in the aerospace industry has resulted in the requirement to increase machining speed and consequently the material removal rate.
Consequently, the cutting speed is very low for conventional machining of titanium alloys [4].
Therefore, machining of titanium alloys is a high- cost and time consuming.
The TiAlSiN2 film is a compound formed by a bottom Ti50Al50N layer covered by a superficial Ti90Si10N one.
Yamane: Journal of Materials Processing Technology Vol. 134 (2003), p. 233

In this regard several papers [6-9] deal with the effect of quenching and aging on the precipitation behavior of Pb-Ca-Sn alloys.
The cell was compound of a circular electrode of 1 cm2 of working area, Pt counter electrode and a saturated calomel reference electrode.
[8] Muras j, Journal Power Sources, pp. 119-122, (1995)
Othani, Journal Phase Equilibria.Vol 16, (1952), p. 317
[18] Rose MV, Young JÁ, Lead calcium (tin) alloys.

Data-driven Based Temperature Prediction of Ferroalloy Electric Furnace Smelting Process Zhang Niaona1, a, Liu Xu2,b 1Changchun University of Technology, Yan`an street, NO. 2055,Changchun, Jilin province,130012 China 2Changchun University of Technology, Yan`an street, NO. 2055,Changchun, Jilin province,130012 China aemail: zhangniaona@mail.ccut.edu.cn, bemail:357196215@qq.com Keywords: the smelting process, data-driven, temperature prediction model, alloy content.
Aiming at the features of nonlinearity, time delay, high dimension, big noise and others in the electric furnace smelting process, and the smelting process parameters some control process needs cannot be obtained by sensors, so the online parameter prediction method is of great significance for dynamic optimization control of system.
Network Weights,Embedding Dimension And Optimization For Time Delay Parameter In this paper genetic algorithms is adopted to achieve simultaneous optimization for the parameters.By constructing the compound chaotic discrete sequence of the crucible temperature,carbon content and silicon content as inputs of the model,prediction error reaching the minimum as the optimization objective,optimization for parameters of the model is achieved,and the optimized model is the crucible temperature multivariate prediction model of the smelting process.The concrete realization process is as follows: 1)编码 Code.
Simulation Analysis To validate the proposed method in this paper,we choose the electric arc furnace smelting manganese silicon alloy parameters from eighth branch of Jilin Ferroalloy Co.
Ironmaking and Steelmaking, 2007, 34(3): 241-247 [2] Gao C H, Zhou Z M,Qian J X.Chaotic identification and prediction of silicon content in hot metal.Journal of Iron and Steel Research International,2010,12(5):35-46 [3] Zhang Y,Guan W 2009 Acta Phys.