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The S-parameter is determined by the ratio of the number of counts within the range 7.0511± keV and the total number of counts.
The W-parameter is calculated by the number of counts at the wings of the spectra divided by the whole number of counts.
At the first stages of deformation in Cu60Zr40 the Bragg reflexes gradually decrease and the peak widths increase indicating the refinement of the grain size and the deformation induced strain (Fig. 1a).
Fig. 1: X-ray diffraction of Cu60Zr40 (a, [17]*) and Al92Sm8 (b) at different numbers of F&R cycles.
Sm-vacancy complexes may form due to the high number of lattice vacancies which are introduced by deformation [24].

Using mixed-oxide systems, the retardation of grain growth is confirmed.
The occurrence of extensive sorption at low p/p0 denotes the presence of a significant number of micropores in the subnanometer range.
As the sintering temperature increases, the pores are closed, and smaller grains grow together to form larger ones.
The properties of the membranes can be adjusted by varying the chemical composition and concentration of the polymeric sol as well as time and number of coatings.
The retardation of grain growth using mixed-oxide systems is confirmed.

The grain size decreases from 55 to 10 nm, while the strain increases from 0.18% to 0.88%.
Grain morphologies at different formation stages were observed by SEM.
Nanocrystalline materials are potentially attractive for many applications since the reduction of grain size to nanometer scale can improve their physical and mechanical properties [4, 5].
Iron-aluminium alloys have drawn the attention of a large number of material scientists for at least past four decades.
It can be clearly seen that the diffraction peaks broaden with increasing milling time, indicating a continuous decrease in the grain sizes.

The experimental results without interlayer showed that, with the increasing of diffusion time and diffusion pressure in the range of 950-1150℃ and 20-40MPa, the number and size of interface bonding holes decreased and the maximum tensile strength of the diffusion bonding joint was 658 MPa, but the discontinuous interface holes still existed.
While, these welding methods increase the size of crystalline grain obviously and genaerate a large distortion with residual stress.
Diffusion bonding holes decreased obviously at 1100℃, the dimension of bonding holes reached the size of the grain boundary.

A crystalline 3×2×2mm3 grain by spontaneous crystallization was glued on a circular plane made of organic glass for seeding.
Finally, after growing for about 20 days, a light-green NNSH crystal with the size of 12×9×8mm3 was grained.
According to Balarew, the hole volume depends on number n of crystal water molecules and ion radius of univalent and bivalent metal ions.
From crystal chemistry viewpoint, a high ionic radii of metal cations {R(M+)} and {R(M´2+)}, low numbers of crystal water molecules are favorable for crystallization of M2SO4·M´SO4·nH2O double salts.
The main difference in structures between NSH, KNSH, and NNSH crystal lies in water number of whole molecule.

Then, also need the model number on the computer repeated the calculation, demonstration, and amended to enable it to achieve more in line with the actual needs of the model.Mathematical modeling is a very arduous process of exploration.through this process not only the attitude of students diligent hard work,indomitable spirit,determination perseverance,but also can train students to withstand failures,setbacks,combat and overcome psychological difficulties,and the perseverance of the spirit of exploration. 2 Ability to develop the basic approach of mathematical modeling Students mathematical modeling capabilities, first of all, students should be interested in modeling.
It is based on the characteristics of the actual system or process, according to certain mathematical laws, the actual computer programming language to run simulations and simulation results based on a large number of quantitative analysis of systems and processes.
Note: Heilongjiang Province education department science and technology financing projects,Project number： 11531259 References: [1] Tanksley,S.D.
McCouch. 1063–1066 (1997) , p. 277 [2] Tollenaar,M.1989.Genetic improvement in grain yield of commercial maize hybrids grown in Ontario .Crop Sci.29:1365–1371 , p. 198 [3] Tollenaar,M.
,A.Aguilera,and S.P.Nissanka.Grain yield is reduced more by weed interference in an old than in a new maize hybrid.Agron.J. 239–246(2007), p. 89 [4] Villareal,R.L.

Some researchers [5] have found that, Ti2O3, among a number of other titanium oxides, is believed to be the most effective nucleant of intragranular ferrite in Ti-bearing low carbon steels.
The grain boundary ferrite was suppressed due to the formation of the intragranular ferrite prior to that.
That is why the grain boundary ferrites are rarely observed near the interface.
b a d c f e Fig. 2 Optical micrographs of the micro zone at the interface in specimens added (a) (e) Ti2O3 (b) MgO (c) ZrO2 (d) (f) Al2O3 respectively Fig. 3(a) shows that a small number of oxides inclusions have been found near the micro zones of the interface as a result of diffusion during the high temperature and high press, the inclusion size are in a range from 1~5μm for all the four samples, which leads to more ferrite formed from the interface than matrix.
A large number of cross distribution ferrite can be observed in the micro zone adjacent to inclusions such as Ti2O3 and Al2O3, which leads to the ferrite layers formed at the both sides of the interface.

The grain size number of the tested material is 4.0.
So far as they are observed from the specimen surface, under the ILCF and IP-TMF loadings, the cracks appear to be initiated and propagated at grain boundary perpendicular to the loading axis which might be a relatively week region at elevated temperature (Fig. 3(a) and (b)).
Not only the total fatigue lives but also the crack initiation lives, i.e. number of cycle to crack initiation, are almost same under ILCF and IP-TMF loading.
Even if the total fatigue lives was different under different loading, the crack propagation lives, i.e. number of cycle to failure after crack initiation, were almost comparable to the crack initiation lives.

The OSL radiation sensitivity of the chip cards was ascribed to silica grains added to the epoxy for controlling its thixotropic properties.
The epoxy contains SiO2 (filter material) 43% by weight (grain size smaller than 32 μm and density 1.4 g cm-3) and forms a light gray translucent layer of thickness ~500 μm.
The chip card modules manufactured by Infineon Technologies [16] contain a commonly used UV-cured epoxy with silica grains for encapsulation.
The zero-dose signal could therefore be assigned to be due to the epoxy and not due to silica grains.
However, OSL sensitivities of resistors, either procured from the manufacturers and/or extracted from the circuit boards of the mobile phones, did not change with the number of readout cycles.

In this work the usage of the well-proven cooling time concept t8/5 is analyzed using high strength fine grained structural steels and suitable welding filler wires during gas metal arc and submerged arc welding processes.
The cooling time t8/5 is widely accepted as such a number.
Furthermore microalloying elements as Vanadium, Titanium, Aluminium, Niobium and Zirconium are added as grain refiners and nucleating agent.
Willms, New evaluation concept for appraisal of mechanical properties in high strength fine grained structural steel weldments based on the temperature-time-curve, Proc.