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The total available displacement, E∆L , can be related to the spring stiffness by the following equation: 0 T E T S K L L K K   ∆ ≈ ∆   +  (1) where EL∆ is effective maximum displacement of the PZT with spring load, and 0L∆ is maximum nominal displacement.
Al 7075 with a Young's modulus of 72 GPa and a Poisson's ratio of 0.31 was selected for the stage design.
We can get the stiffness KS, the stroke of the stage EL∆ , the maximum stress σmax(input displacement is 25µm), the natural frequency f easily according to the former equations and figures.
In order to validate the parameters, the micro-feed stage was fabricated using precision wire EDM from on piece of Al 7075 (as shown in Fig.10).
Table 1 Comparison of simulation and experiment Parameters KS [N/µm] EL∆ [µm] F [Hz] Simulation 18.6 17.8 792 Experiment 18.9 16.5 770 Conclusion In this paper, a micro-feed stage using clinograph mechanism was designed which was driven by PZT.

The paper is summary of an expertise written for the architect in charge of the restoration of the church, about the feasibility of the demolition and the eventual measures of consolidation (Huerta et al. 2010).
Becchi et al.
Geometría y equilibrio en el cálculo tradicional de estructuras de fábrica."
"Informe sobre la estabilidad de las bóvedas y el sistema de contrarresto de la nave y el crucero de la Iglesia de La Peregrina (convento de San Francisco) en Sahagún."

Christenson et al. verify the accuracy of their method of real-time hybrid tests by numerical simulation.
Wu et al. verify the accuracy by spectrum radius analysis method.
Against the earthquake ground motions (El Centro 1940 NS), acceleration of each story, displacement of each story, electric current and control force among shaking table test, hybrid test and simulation agree very well between shaking table test and real time hybrid test. 1F_Acc (mm/s2 ) -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 acceleration (mm/s 2 ) simulation hybrid test shaking table test 1F_Disp (mm) -100 -50 0 50 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 displacement (mm) simulation hybrid test shaking table test 2F_Acc (mm/s2 ) -1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000 1500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 acceleration (mm/s 2 ) simulation hybrid test shaking table test 2F_Disp (mm) -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 displacement (mm) simulation hybrid test shaking table test Force (kN) -10.0 -
5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 force (kN) simulation hybrid test shaking table test Current (A) 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 current (A) hybrid test shaking table test Fig.7, Comparison of hybrid test, shaking table test and numerical simulation in case of El Centro 1940 NS Fig.8, A single degree of freedom system Table 3, Characteristics of the system : No damper : Constant electric cureent : constant damping coefficient : Optimal control : SMC Sliding Mode Control.
El Centro 1940 NS was used as the input earthquake ground motion.

El-Fadaly et al studied the effect of tensile and compressive prestrain on the transition temperature, Jm and the effect of compressive prestrain on the J resistance curve [1].
Menezes et al investigated the effect of cross section variation on formability of prestrained samples using finite element simulations [3].
El-Fadaly, T.A.
El-Sarrage, A.M.

Chu et al., (2009) suggested a Lab-on-a-Chip device to focus the particles at the center of the channel.
Demierre et al., (2007) proposed a microfluidic device using lateral dielectrophoresis to focus and continuously separate cells [1].
The present microfluidic device, similar to that of Demierre el al., can focus particles eliminating the use of sheath flow and pumps.
The problem space and boundary conditions for the electrical and thermal problem are modeled similarly to the work by Green el al. [5], and the lateral microfluidic microelectrodes structure is shown schematically in Fig.1.
Such a sample preparation follows the process proposed by Doh et al. [7].In order to obtain the optimal condition of separation; we measure DEP response of viable and nonviable yeast cells using test devices in terms of the medium conductivity and the electric fields frequency before the particles focusing experiment.

Shafique et al. [5] have used the pine leaves to study the As(V) adsorption.
Taha et al. [13] investigated the role of pH in the adsorption Pb(II), Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions using potato peels.
El-Sayed et al. [16] noticed that adsorption percentage of Zn(II) decreased from 52% to 28%, from 34% to 16% in case of Cd(II) and from 39% to 13% for Mn(II), as the temperature increased from 25°C to 55°C.
The sugarcane bagasse have been used as an additive by Janusa et al. [22].
El-Sayed, H.

[8] Li Y, W Chen, Q Xu, el al.
[9] C Xu, D Lin, el at.
Vasile, et al.
Vasile, C Capiani, et al.
R Li, el al , Electrical properties of (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–BaTiO3 ceramics.

This minaret was built during the construction of the Al-Nuri Al-Kabir mosque (1170-1172) during the reign of the ruler Nur al-Din Zanki at the Atabeg era.
Al-Taie, N.
Al-Ansari, S.
El-Gohary, M.M.
Al-Layla, S.I.

[3] Neamtu M, et al, Designing NURBS cam profiles using trigonometric splines.
Sateesh, el al, Optimization of cam-follower motion using B-splines, International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 22(6) (2009) 515-523
[6] Tsay D M, et al.
[7] Qiu H, el al, A universal optimal approach to cam curve design and its applications.
[8]Arakawa M. et al.

Effect of Coolant Type on Surface Roughness and RSM Modelling in Single-Point Diamond Turning of RSA443 Optical Aluminum Zvikomborero Hwejua and Khaled Abou-El-Hosseinb Ultra-High Precision Engineering Research Unit, Department of Mechatronics, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa.
as219146578@mandela.ac.za, bKhaled.Abou-El-Hossein@mandela.ac.za Keywords: Rapidly solidified aluminum (RSA) 443, response surface method (RSM), single point diamond turning (SPDT), surface roughness, ultra-high precision diamond turning (UHPDT).
Fanc, et al., "Effect of cooling rate on solidified microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium-A356 alloy," journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 207 pp. 107–111, 2008
Xu, et al., "Refrigerated cooling air cutting of difficult-to-cut materials," International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, vol. 47, pp. 927-933, 2007