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The lattice constant of the CCTO powders is consistent well with the data in the JCPDS card, but the ceramics have smaller lattice constants.
However, the formation of the oxygen vacancies can lead to the charge reduction from Ti4+ to Ti3+ ions, which can be studied by XPS.
This result indicates that sintering by SPS with the subsequent annealing treatment at the relatively lower temperature can indeed lead to the deoxidization and the reduction of the Ti4+ ions due to the consumption of oxygen in CCTO by carbon, which is consistent with the change of the lattice constants due to the formation of oxygen vacancies mentioned above.

COD removal data are presented in Fig.5.
With the running time increased, the adsorption sites of activated carbon were saturated gradually, leading to the reduction of the COD removal rate.
Thus, the BAC technology has its application prospect on the reuse of the coking wastewater Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20114219110002), Fund from Coal Conversion and New Carbon Materials Hubei Key Laboratory (Wuhan University of Science and Technology）(WKDM201107), and Open-end Fund of the Science Research Center of Green Manufacture and Energy-saving and Emission-reduction of Wuhan University of Science and Technology (A1201，B1209).

Data in reduction TGA tests is directly got by a sample weight evolution as a function of time.
The level of conversion in reduction stage is defined as Eq. 1 [4, 7]: (1) Where Xcoal-OC is the mixture conversion of coal and CuFe2O4; Wcoal-OC(t=0) and Wcoal-OC(t) are the original and instantaneous weight losses for the mixture (wt%);ΔWOC is the weight loss of CuFe2O4 converted to Cu and Fe; ΔWcoal is the weight loss of coal complete combustion.

The thickness reduction was between 20 and 50% per run.
The acquired ΔT data for Samples 1 to 3 are plotted as a function of temperature in Fig. 5.
As it seen from the figure, in the region of the magnetic phase transition a high reduction of the heat capacity for the Sample 3 is observed.

These points at a certain excess of the scandium concentration in the aluminum matrix comparing to the ICP analysis data.
Since the Sc2O3 amount added into the melt impacts the scandium content in the Al-Sc alloys the most effectively then it was suggested that the chemical mechanism of the Sc2O3 reduction in the cryolite-alumina melts dominated the electrochemical one.
Guan, Preparing aluminium-scandium inter-alloys during reduction process in KF-AlF3-Sc2O3 melts, Light metals (2012) 685-689.

The properties of these materials provide a significant reduction in the mass of products and designs that reduce the flow of material into the product while enhancing the reliability and increase the resource of their work.
Table 1 - Mechanical properties of the alloy Description Yield strenth, MPa Contraction, % Hardness Vickers Brinell dynamic hardness АК 9 320 38 460 50 Composite material of Al-C system 360,4 35 471 56 As can be seen from the data, in the result of adding carbon to the forging aluminum observed increase of the yield stress in compression is 11%, while there has been some reduction in plasticity: 7-8%.

Following the measurements performed on several different types of locomotives, in different adhesion conditions [5], it was noticed that there was a reduction in the initial slope of the curve of the tangential force depending on creepage and a “falling friction” after attaining a maximum creepage, which can be explained by the influence of roughness, contamination of surfaces in contact, by the influence of heat in the contact area, etc.
Accordingly, the creepage forces in the longitudinal direction Fx, lateral direction Fy and the adherence coefficients in the two directions, μx, μy will be: Fx=Fvxv; μx=FxQ; Fy=Fvyv; μy=FyQ. (7) By introducing the kS and kA coefficients, for small creepages will not appear important differences but on large creepages (close to saturation) are obtained significant reduction of tangential force of friction (Fig. 3).
am3=bn3=3Q1-ϑ2EA+B (11) The previously determined data are introduced in the Eq. 11, resulting a=8.179 mm, b=5.1 mm and the ratio b/a=0.623, the tabular coefficients established by Kalker for a ratio of b/a=0.6, being: C11=4.96 and C22=4.6.

The carbonization process has formed aromatic C=C and reduction functional group OH (aromatic compounds), C-H (aromatic ring), C-O (vibration ether structure) dan C=O (Ester compounds).
The FTIR spectrum provides data on functional groups on the carbon surface that are qualitatively modified based on the characteristics of the energy absorbed in a particular group.
Sample Conductivity [S/m] S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 0.0017 0.0021 0.0026 0.0029 0.8525 Based on the electrical conductivity value data in table 2, it can be seen that the carbonization temperature affects the electrical conductivity value.
Element Weight Percent (%) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 Ca Mg Al K Sr Mn Fe Zn 62.45 24.78 9.88 0.497 0.950 0.492 0.525 0.0624 60.51 26.01 10.99 0.711 0.692 0.484 0.331 0.0838 46.32 31.69 17.39 3.39 0.362 0.335 0.180 0.177 45.15 21.86 8.72 2.11 0.911 0.479 0.363 0.0693 48.76 28.01 16.78 4.64 0.482 0.292 0.482 0.204 58.81 24.46 11.31 3.46 0.554 0.442 0.384 - The results of qualitative analysis using XRF data can be seen that several compounds are contained in the carbon of candlenut shells.
The carbonization process has formed aromatic C=C and reduction functional group OH (aromatic compounds), C-H (aromatic ring), C-O (vibration ether structure) dan C=O (Ester compounds).

The saturation magnetization of the sample also showed a reduction where the sample before undergoing the heat treatment process had a saturation magnetization value of 18.81 emu/g but after the heat treatment, the saturation magnetization value decreased to 0.42 emu/g.
In addition, the crystallite size also increases with temperature, indicated by the reduction in the peak width broadening of the FWHM in the XRD spectra.
Detailed data on phase and structural changes are shown in Table 1.
Structural parameter based on XRD data for all samples Sample Most intense phase Position [°] FWHM [°] d-spacing [Å] hkl Space group Crystal Structure Before heat treatment Magnetite 35.5844 0.177 2.5209 113 Fd-3m Cubic After calcination: 500 °C Hematite 35.778 0.177 2.5077 104 R-3c Hexagonal After annealing: 1400 °C Hematite 35.8606 0.0984 2.5021 104 R-3c Hexagonal Fig. 2 and 3 depicted the morphological structures of the treated powder sample before heat treatment and after heat treatment.
Data on the magnetic M-H parameters are tabulated in Table 2.

CSA cement is characterized by fast strength development and a shrinkage reduction and thus its use was proposed, also mixed with the traditional OPC, for the production of shrinkage-compensating concrete (SHCC) [11-13].
For example, the electrical resistivity of CSA mix at 28 days was more than one order of magnitude higher than that of the OPC mix, that showed values of about 100 Ω·m (in agreement with data reported in literature for OPC concrete [28]).
A continuous reduction of the values was observed over time; at the end of the 24 h of polarization 0.74 mA/m2 was reached.
The images of steel fibers and concrete surfaces of CSA cement-based concretes clearly show that corrosion was occurred in these mixes, and in some cases a reduction in the cross section of steel fibers was noted.
A review of alternative approaches to the reduction of CO2 emissions associated with the manufacture of the binder phase in concrete.