Effect of Heating Temperature on the Chemical Structure and of Conductivity Carbon from Candlenut Shells (Aleurites Moluccana)

Abstract:

Candlenut Shells is one of the many commodities growing in Indonesia and experiencing rapid progress production development. The shell of candlenut has good characteristic that allow it to be used as carbon. activated carbon is one of material that can be applied for various application. In this paper, we reported the synthesis of activated carbon from candlenut shell in order to get high quality of carbon by controlling the heating temperature in synthesis. Variation of heating temperature in to produce carbon were 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C . FTIR Spectroscopy was carried out to determine the functional groups on the carbon from candlenut shells. FTIR analysis during the carbonization process was indicated the change in functional group of chemical structure from the candlenut shell, which is shown by decreasing the absorption spectrum of some functional groups of the candlenut shell after the carbonization process. The carbonization process has formed aromatic C = C and reduction functional group OH (aromatic compounds), C-H (aromatic ring), C-O (vibration ether structure) dan C=O (Ester compounds). And results of carbonization of candlenut shells at various temperatures have an electrical conductivity value that increases with increasing carbonization temperature. The carbonization temperature that is raised to 700 °C causes carbon to be more conductive with an increased electrical conductivity value. XRF characterization results also showed that in addition to carbon elements in the cundlenut shells, other elements were also found such as calcium, magnesium, aluminum, potassium, strontium, manganese, iron and zinc. Ca and Mg are the largest content besides carbon.

• Periodical: Materials Science Forum (Volume 1028)
• Pages: 302-307
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.1028.302
• Online since: April 2021
• Authors: Sarifah Mudaim*, Sahrul Hidayat, Risdiana Risdiana
• Keywords: Candlenut Shells, Carbon, Conductivity, FTIR Spectroscopy

References

[1] A. P. R. Bautista, D. E. P. Sumalapao, and N. R. Villarante, Synthesis and Characterization of Epichlorohydrin-Crosslinked Lumbang (Aleurites Moluccana)-Derived Activated Carbon Chitosan Composite as Cr(VI) Bioadsorbent, Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 21 (1), 38259 (2017).

DOI: 10.9734/arrb/2017/38259

[2] K. M. Doke, M. Yusufi, R. D. Joseph, and E. M. Khan, Comparative Adsorption of Crystal Violet and Congo Red onto ZnCl2 Activated Carbon, J. Dispers. Sci. Technol. 37 (11), 1671 (2016).

DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2015.1124342

[3] C. Chen, P. Zhao, Z. Li, and Z. Tong, Adsorption Behavior of Chromium(VI) on Activated Carbon from Eucalyptus Sawdust Prepared by Microwave-assisted Activation with ZnCl2, Desalin. Water Treat. 57 (27), 12572–12584 (2016).

DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1049960

[4] S. S. A. Syed-Hassan and M. S. M. Zaini, Optimization of The Preparation of Activated Carbon from Palm Kernel Shell for Methane Adsorption Using Taguchi Orthogonal Array Design, Korean J. Chem. Eng. 33 (8) 2502–2512 (2016).

DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0072-z

[5] A. A. Arie, H. Kristianto, I. Suharto, M. Halim, and J. K. Lee, Preparation of Orange Peel Based Activated Carbons as Cathodes in Lithium Ion Capacitors, Adv. Mater. Res. 896, 95–99 (2014).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.896.95

[6] D. C. S. Azevedo, J. C. S. Araújo, M. Bastos-Neto, A. E. B. Torres, E. F. Jaguaribe, and C. L. Cavalcante, Microporous Activated Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shells using Chemical Activation with Zinc Chloride, Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 100 (1–3), 361–364 (2007).

DOI: 10.1016/j.micromeso.2006.11.024

[7] M. A. Baqiya et al., Structural Study on Graphene-Based Particles Prepared from Old ,Coconut Shell by Acid–Assisted Mechanical Exfoliation, Adv. Powder Technol. 31 (5), 2072–2078, (2020).

DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.02.039

[8] K. Y. Foo and B. H. Hameed, Factors Affecting the Carbon Yield and Adsorption Capability of The Mangosteen Peel Activated Carbon Prepared by Microwave Assisted K2CO3 Activation, Chem. Eng. J. 180, 66–74 (2012).

DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2011.11.002

[9] O. Nurhilal et al., Synthesis of High Quality Porous Carbon from Water Hyacinth, Key Eng. Mater. 860, 173 – 177, (2020).

DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.860.173

[10] H. Aldila, A. Indriawati, Megiyo, F. Afriani, N. Fauziah, and A. Nuryadin, Synthesis of Carbon Dielectric Composite from Candlenut Shell (Aleurites moluccana), IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 353 (1), 0–5, (2019).

DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/353/1/012006

[11] M. Zakir, P. Budi, I. Raya, A. Karim, R. Wulandari, and A. B. J. Sobrido, Determination Of Specific Capacitance of Modified Candlenut Shell Based Carbon as Electrode Material for Supercapacitor, J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 979 (1), (2018).

DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/979/1/012024

[12] S. Maulina and M. Iriansyah, Characteristics of Activated Carbon Resulted from Pyrolysis of the Oil Palm Fronds Powder, IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 309 (1), (2018).

DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/309/1/012072

[13] V. Ţucureanu, A. Matei, and A. M. Avram, FTIR Spectroscopy for Carbon Family Study, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 46 (6), 502–520, (2016).

DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1157013

[14] M. S. D. O. Junior, M. F. Diniz, R. D. C. L. Dutra, M. Massi, and C. Otani, Applicability of FTIR Techniques and Goniometry on Characterization of Carbon Fiber Surfaces, J. Aerosp. Technol. Manag. 8 (1), 26–32, (2016).

DOI: 10.5028/jatm.v8i1.537

[15] N. R. Villarante, R. A. E. Davila, and D. P. Sumalapao, Removal of Lead (Α) by Lumbang, Aleurites Moluccana Activated Carbon Carboxymethylcellulose Composite Crosslinked with Epichlorohydrin, Orient. J. Chem. 34 (2), 693–703, (2018).

DOI: 10.13005/ojc/340211

[16] M. Doloksaribu, B. Prihandoko, and K. Triyana, Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Based on Coconut Shell for Supercapacitor, Int. J. Sci. Basic Appl. Res. 35 (3), 430–437, (2017).

[17] T. D. T. Oyedotun, X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) in the Investigation of the Composition of Earth Materials: a Review and an Overview, Geol. Ecol. Landscapes. 2 (2), 148–154, (2018).

DOI: 10.1080/24749508.2018.1452459