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Study on Industrial Water-Saving System - Taking the Ningdong Energy and Chemical Base as an Example
Online since: October 2012
Authors: Ju Ping Zhang, Cheng Yang, Juan Liu
This study obtains the following results through the analysis of Ningdong Base system status with reference to the inside and outside research data:
The reform of the Ningdong Base water management system of industrial water supply achieved significant results, and the models of water management system are:(1) established a modern enterprise system, and set up a water affair company; (2) implemented water rights transfer, establish water mechanism of modern enterprise; (3) established and improved the industrial water supply security system; (4) under the premise of the unified management, actively promoted the reform of water prices; (5) formed a multi-channel water financing mechanism. (6) basically implemented the integrated management water affair water supply, drainage, sewage treatment and. (7) actively explored diversified business ideas, seek new economic point of growth.
Up to 100%, get 5 points. 5 2 Reuse (15 points) Recycling rate (5 points) >75%, each 1% reduction in minus 1 point 5 Cycling rate of indirect cooling water (5 points) >95%, each 1% reduction in minus 1 point 5 The reuse rate of the boiler condensate water (5 points) Up to 60%, decreasing by 5% minus 1 point 4 3 Water equipment (15 points) Integrated loss rate of water equipment (4 points) ≤3%, Over 1% minus 1 point 3 The evaporation loss rate of the cooling towers (3 points) ≤1.2%, beyond the indicators may not points 3 The wind loss rate of the cooling tower (3 points) ≤0.1%, Over 1% minus 1 point 3 The installation rate of water saving equipment (5 points) ≥90, 5 points, decreasing by 5% minus 1 point 4 4 Drainage of the enterprise (10 points) Standard discharge rate (5 points) 100%, each 1% reduction in minus 2 point 5 The recovery rate of regeneration by the synthetic wastewater (5 points) ≥80%, 3 points, Over 10% minus 1 point 5 5 Unconventional use of water resources
(10 points) Unconventional water replacement rate (10 points) ≥20%, each 1% reduction in minus 1 point 10 Total 60 57 References [1] Peiyuan sheng, Jinping Zhang, Yong Zhao.
Up to 100%, get 5 points. 5 2 Reuse (15 points) Recycling rate (5 points) >75%, each 1% reduction in minus 1 point 5 Cycling rate of indirect cooling water (5 points) >95%, each 1% reduction in minus 1 point 5 The reuse rate of the boiler condensate water (5 points) Up to 60%, decreasing by 5% minus 1 point 4 3 Water equipment (15 points) Integrated loss rate of water equipment (4 points) ≤3%, Over 1% minus 1 point 3 The evaporation loss rate of the cooling towers (3 points) ≤1.2%, beyond the indicators may not points 3 The wind loss rate of the cooling tower (3 points) ≤0.1%, Over 1% minus 1 point 3 The installation rate of water saving equipment (5 points) ≥90, 5 points, decreasing by 5% minus 1 point 4 4 Drainage of the enterprise (10 points) Standard discharge rate (5 points) 100%, each 1% reduction in minus 2 point 5 The recovery rate of regeneration by the synthetic wastewater (5 points) ≥80%, 3 points, Over 10% minus 1 point 5 5 Unconventional use of water resources
(10 points) Unconventional water replacement rate (10 points) ≥20%, each 1% reduction in minus 1 point 10 Total 60 57 References [1] Peiyuan sheng, Jinping Zhang, Yong Zhao.
Online since: August 2012
Authors: Ana Cristina Figueiredo de Melo Costa, Elvia Leal, R.L.P. Santos, A.T.C. Silva
Table 1 shows the results of amount of phase and crystallite size calculated from the X-ray diffraction data for the samples synthesized by combustion reaction using glycine as fuel and the different dilution ratios.
For the ZnO was observed an average reduction of 44.3%.
This drastic reduction of the ZnO content may possibly be attributed to the partial volatilization of Zn, as a result of the high combustion temperatures.
Vieira (2008) [23] also observed this same behavior when synthesized Ni-Zn ferrites by combustion reaction using urea and glycine as fuel, and microwave energy as heating source, and attributed to the Zn volatilization the increase of the combustion temperature, that resulted in a reduction of 7.6% and 79% compared to the theoretical value of ZnO.
Barros (2008) [24] also observed this effect, reporting a zinc reduction of 17.1% for samples synthesized by combustion reaction with urea and glycine, using a ceramic base with electrical resistance as heating source, and reaching combustion temperatures of 719 and 1194 °C, respectively.
For the ZnO was observed an average reduction of 44.3%.
This drastic reduction of the ZnO content may possibly be attributed to the partial volatilization of Zn, as a result of the high combustion temperatures.
Vieira (2008) [23] also observed this same behavior when synthesized Ni-Zn ferrites by combustion reaction using urea and glycine as fuel, and microwave energy as heating source, and attributed to the Zn volatilization the increase of the combustion temperature, that resulted in a reduction of 7.6% and 79% compared to the theoretical value of ZnO.
Barros (2008) [24] also observed this effect, reporting a zinc reduction of 17.1% for samples synthesized by combustion reaction with urea and glycine, using a ceramic base with electrical resistance as heating source, and reaching combustion temperatures of 719 and 1194 °C, respectively.
Online since: January 2025
Authors: Thye-Foo Choo, Nur Ubaidah Saidin, Norhazirah Azhar, Nurazila Mat Zali
However, PEMFC requires the need for a catalyst to promote the oxygen reduction process (ORR) efficiently because this process is significantly slower and more complex than the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) [4].
During the past ten years, there has been a significant advancement in creating catalysts for the oxygen reduction process (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cell PEMFC.
These resulting data can be used in future’s PEMFC ink preparation after take into account on percentage of ink loss.
This is good because if large agglomeration of catalysts formed, it will lead to reduction of the active area thus reducing the PEMFC performance [11].
Saidin et al., “One-pot gamma radiolysis synthesis of a graphene oxide-supported cobalt oxyhydroxide electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction,” Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 205, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110680
During the past ten years, there has been a significant advancement in creating catalysts for the oxygen reduction process (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cell PEMFC.
These resulting data can be used in future’s PEMFC ink preparation after take into account on percentage of ink loss.
This is good because if large agglomeration of catalysts formed, it will lead to reduction of the active area thus reducing the PEMFC performance [11].
Saidin et al., “One-pot gamma radiolysis synthesis of a graphene oxide-supported cobalt oxyhydroxide electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction,” Radiation Physics and Chemistry, vol. 205, Apr. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110680
Online since: July 2011
Authors: Li Meng, Ping Yang, Xiao Li
A sample was sectioned in such a way that rolling (reductions of 7%) was conducted on the initial lateral section so as to obtain a prismatic initial texture and to promote tension twins during following rolling.
It can be partly attributed to the incomplete recrystallization, which is the significant characteristic for the cold rolled samples with low reduction and the warm rolled samples with high reduction.
It may be caused by low strain energy and low rolling reduction of tension twins, which can not provide enough driving force for effective grain nucleation and growth, leading to no orientation data of new grains with typical recrystallization characteristic acquired.
It can be partly attributed to the incomplete recrystallization, which is the significant characteristic for the cold rolled samples with low reduction and the warm rolled samples with high reduction.
It may be caused by low strain energy and low rolling reduction of tension twins, which can not provide enough driving force for effective grain nucleation and growth, leading to no orientation data of new grains with typical recrystallization characteristic acquired.
Online since: March 2024
Authors: Agus Dwi Anggono, Tri Widodo Besar Riyadi, Zulhendra Zulhendra, Haryanto Haryanto, Andi Hendrawan
The data analysis for XRD spectra was executed using Match and Original Pro software.
The visual observations of the damaged bar confirm severe polishing wear on the bar surface, which causes a subsequent reduction in the bar's cross-section.
The polishing wear is responsible for the reduction of the bar size.
It was observed that there was a gradual reduction in the hardness of the bar from the surface to the inner section of the bar.
The wear causes a gradual reduction in the hardness of the bar from the surface to the inner section of the bar.
The visual observations of the damaged bar confirm severe polishing wear on the bar surface, which causes a subsequent reduction in the bar's cross-section.
The polishing wear is responsible for the reduction of the bar size.
It was observed that there was a gradual reduction in the hardness of the bar from the surface to the inner section of the bar.
The wear causes a gradual reduction in the hardness of the bar from the surface to the inner section of the bar.
Online since: February 2012
Authors: Jing Jing Wan, Yun Yan
The second, energy saving and consumption reduction is the unprecedented urgency.
Table 1.The relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in China in 2001~2009 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth rate of GDP 8.3% 9.1% 10.0% 10.1% 10.2% 11.1% 13.0% 9.0% 8.7% Growth rate of energy consumption 3.3% 6.0% 15.3% 16.1% 10.6% 9.61% 8.4% 3.9% 5.2% Elasticity of energy consumption 0.40 0.66 1.53 1.60 0.93 0.76 0.59 0.41 0.57 Data Source: China Statistical Yearbook At the same time, we must see that China's energy saving potential is huge.
Therefore, it is very important and urgent to increase efforts in energy conservation and consumption reduction for maintaining the energy security.
Dangerous Environment (1) Damage the environment in the exploitation of energy; (2) The serious emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and soot energy-related. (1)Develop and implement the target of major pollutants discharge by 10% during "Eleventh Five-Year"; (2) Implement pollution reduction target responsibility system.
With the continued increase in energy consumption, the international pressure of greenhouse gas emissions reduction also will be increasing.
Table 1.The relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in China in 2001~2009 Year 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Growth rate of GDP 8.3% 9.1% 10.0% 10.1% 10.2% 11.1% 13.0% 9.0% 8.7% Growth rate of energy consumption 3.3% 6.0% 15.3% 16.1% 10.6% 9.61% 8.4% 3.9% 5.2% Elasticity of energy consumption 0.40 0.66 1.53 1.60 0.93 0.76 0.59 0.41 0.57 Data Source: China Statistical Yearbook At the same time, we must see that China's energy saving potential is huge.
Therefore, it is very important and urgent to increase efforts in energy conservation and consumption reduction for maintaining the energy security.
Dangerous Environment (1) Damage the environment in the exploitation of energy; (2) The serious emissions of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and soot energy-related. (1)Develop and implement the target of major pollutants discharge by 10% during "Eleventh Five-Year"; (2) Implement pollution reduction target responsibility system.
With the continued increase in energy consumption, the international pressure of greenhouse gas emissions reduction also will be increasing.
Online since: January 2026
Authors: Rajashekhara Shabadi, Satyam Suwas, Kaushik Chatterjee, Divyanshu Aggarwal, Vamsi Krishna Pakki
As the lightest structural metal, Mg offers substantial weight reduction in aerospace, automotive, and medical implants.
Symmetric and asymmetric hot rolling were conducted with 50% total reduction over five passes (~10% per pass) at 0.3 m/s, with reheating to 400 °C before each pass.
XRD observations of the Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Ca alloys under different conditions A reduction in Mg6Zn3Ca2 peak intensity is observed, attributed to fragmentation, boundary redistribution, or refinement of intermetallics [7].
Mg6Zn3Ca2 peaks are further suppressed, consistent with particle refinement or submicron-scale dispersion below XRD detectability. 3.2 SEM/EDS analysis Fig. 2 presents BSE-SEM micrographs with corresponding EDS data for the ZC1 alloy in the homogenized (a), symmetric rolled (b), and asymmetric rolled (c) states.
WANG, Y. nong WANG, Influence of rolling route on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy during asymmetric reduction rolling, Trans.
Symmetric and asymmetric hot rolling were conducted with 50% total reduction over five passes (~10% per pass) at 0.3 m/s, with reheating to 400 °C before each pass.
XRD observations of the Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Ca alloys under different conditions A reduction in Mg6Zn3Ca2 peak intensity is observed, attributed to fragmentation, boundary redistribution, or refinement of intermetallics [7].
Mg6Zn3Ca2 peaks are further suppressed, consistent with particle refinement or submicron-scale dispersion below XRD detectability. 3.2 SEM/EDS analysis Fig. 2 presents BSE-SEM micrographs with corresponding EDS data for the ZC1 alloy in the homogenized (a), symmetric rolled (b), and asymmetric rolled (c) states.
WANG, Y. nong WANG, Influence of rolling route on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 magnesium alloy during asymmetric reduction rolling, Trans.
Online since: November 2014
Authors: Zakaria Man, Mohd Azmi Bustam, Khairun Azizi Azizli, Ariyanti Sarwono
The mean percentage of equilibrium water uptake at three different temperatures
Sample
Temperature
25°C
35°C
45°C
SUB
2719 ± 201
2744± 281
2755 ± 268
SUB5%L
1617 ± 129
1636 ± 158
1665 ± 149
SUB10%L
554 ± 49
565 ± 61
620 ± 45
SUB15%L
252 ± 25
281 ± 35
312 ± 51
The data in Table 1 clearly shows that lignin impedes the water uptake.
The significant reduction of percentage water uptake in the presence of lignin is observed in all three different temperatures.
The reduction of water sensitivity by lignin insertion is reported in several papers [12, 17, 18].
Diffusion coefficient of modified starch films at different temperatures Sample Diffusion coefficient (10-7 cm2/sec) 25°C 35°C 45°C SUB 4.31 5.26 6.20 SUB5%L 2.51 3.25 4.26 SUB10%L 2.32 3.09 3.99 SUB15%L 2.12 2.91 3.83 As given in Table 2, the reduction of diffusion coefficient in the presence of lignin is observed.
The reduction of diffusion coefficient in the presence of lignin is also reported by Steven et al. [21] in which the diffusion coefficient decreases from 2.68 x 10-6 to 0.8 x 10-6 cm2/sec for starch and starch-lignin foam respectively.
The significant reduction of percentage water uptake in the presence of lignin is observed in all three different temperatures.
The reduction of water sensitivity by lignin insertion is reported in several papers [12, 17, 18].
Diffusion coefficient of modified starch films at different temperatures Sample Diffusion coefficient (10-7 cm2/sec) 25°C 35°C 45°C SUB 4.31 5.26 6.20 SUB5%L 2.51 3.25 4.26 SUB10%L 2.32 3.09 3.99 SUB15%L 2.12 2.91 3.83 As given in Table 2, the reduction of diffusion coefficient in the presence of lignin is observed.
The reduction of diffusion coefficient in the presence of lignin is also reported by Steven et al. [21] in which the diffusion coefficient decreases from 2.68 x 10-6 to 0.8 x 10-6 cm2/sec for starch and starch-lignin foam respectively.
Online since: May 2019
Authors: Jian Yang, Yun Ma, Gang Chen, Qing Mei Luo, Li Jun She, Wen Jie Wan, Xue Fan Gu
Effect of wax remover on viscosity reduction
Add 150mg/L emulsion dewaxing agent and oil based wax dewaxing agent to 1#~5# crude oil.
Table 2 Static and dynamic wax removal rate of emulsion dewaxing agent Evaluation parameters 1# 2# 3# 4# 5# Static wax removal rate, mg/min 3.37 2.12 5.62 1.44 6.10 Dynamic wax removal rate, mg/min 21.37 242.51 11.10 24.46 158.94 Viscosity reduction effect of wax remover Table 3 shows the time of passing through 25ml pipette before and after Changqing crude oil was added with emulsion dewaxing agent and oil base dewaxing agent.
It can be seen from Table 3 that the viscosity reduction effect of emulsion dewaxing agent on 1#,2#crude oil is better.
The viscosity reduction effect of oil-based dewaxing agent on 2#,4# crude oil is more prominent.
Raines, Paraffin Deposition from Crude Oils: Comparison of Laboratory Results with Field Data.
Table 2 Static and dynamic wax removal rate of emulsion dewaxing agent Evaluation parameters 1# 2# 3# 4# 5# Static wax removal rate, mg/min 3.37 2.12 5.62 1.44 6.10 Dynamic wax removal rate, mg/min 21.37 242.51 11.10 24.46 158.94 Viscosity reduction effect of wax remover Table 3 shows the time of passing through 25ml pipette before and after Changqing crude oil was added with emulsion dewaxing agent and oil base dewaxing agent.
It can be seen from Table 3 that the viscosity reduction effect of emulsion dewaxing agent on 1#,2#crude oil is better.
The viscosity reduction effect of oil-based dewaxing agent on 2#,4# crude oil is more prominent.
Raines, Paraffin Deposition from Crude Oils: Comparison of Laboratory Results with Field Data.
Online since: December 2012
Authors: Ye Qing Guan, Zhao Lai Li, Wen Qing Zhu
The data come from SEMI 2011 China PV industry development report [9] and the National Bureau of Statistics.
At the same time, because of limited new data (Table1), the system has much uncertainty [10].
According to the albino equation can calculate the solution of GM (1, 1) differential equations: (2) Restore the data available to the original data series prediction formula: (3) The model is applicable to non-negative homogeneous exponential function of the original data sequence. 2.2 Forecast and analysis of China's installed capacity of photovoltaic applications (1) Data processing The 2005-2010 total energy consumption, and photovoltaic applications comparative analysis of new installed capacity is shown in Table 2.
The data come from China National Bureau of Statistics.
Therefore, if directly use existing data modeling to predict, forecast results can not reflect the reality of the problem characteristics.
At the same time, because of limited new data (Table1), the system has much uncertainty [10].
According to the albino equation can calculate the solution of GM (1, 1) differential equations: (2) Restore the data available to the original data series prediction formula: (3) The model is applicable to non-negative homogeneous exponential function of the original data sequence. 2.2 Forecast and analysis of China's installed capacity of photovoltaic applications (1) Data processing The 2005-2010 total energy consumption, and photovoltaic applications comparative analysis of new installed capacity is shown in Table 2.
The data come from China National Bureau of Statistics.
Therefore, if directly use existing data modeling to predict, forecast results can not reflect the reality of the problem characteristics.