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A number of works have investigated the relation between deposition conditions and preferred orientation.
Values Ta, and <ε> denote annealing temperature, average grain size and microstrains respectively.
From the obtained diffraction lines, the grain size and microstrains were computed.
The average microstrains gradually decreases as annealing temperature increases while average grain size remains same.

Optical microscope observations after solution treatment revealed that microstructures of all the samples exhibited equiaxed grains with an average grain size of about 1000-2000 mm.
Uesugi et al. [10] studied changes in the lattice constants of a number of 55 Al-based solid solution alloys and local lattice distortions induced by solute atoms on the basis of first-principles calculations and revealed that the misfit strain between Al atom and Fe atom is much larger than any other typically used Al-based binary alloys such as Al-Mg, Al-Cu, Al-Si, Al-Mn, Al-Zn, and so on.
Mclean, Grain boundaries in metals, Clarendon Oxford university press, 116 (1957).

Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum's chemical composition is similar with the natural gypsum, the content of calcium sulfate dihydrate is up to 95%, the content of impurity is little, grain-size is smaller than natural gypsum [2].
To clarify the utilization of FGD gypsum as the retarder of cement- based materials and its feasibility, this paper explored the effects on the properties of the slag cement with different temperature treatment of FGD gypsum, provided an application approach to solving the production of large numbers of FGD gypsum in domestic in recent years, achieved the purpose of recycling, created a good economic, social, and environmental benefits.
As shown in the Table 2: the particles below 63μm are 97.20%, compared with the grinding natural gypsum, FGD gypsum's grain-size is smaller [7].
Table 2 The particle size distribution of FGD gypsum Grain diameter/μm Differential distribution /% Cumulative distribution /% 0.11 0.69 0.69 0.35 0.45 7.55 10 0.2 13.76 18.01 3.12 20.14 33.58 16.31 52.98 41.34 17.11 70.09 50.88 16.75 86.84 62.63 10.36 97.20 77.09 2.78 99.99 >77.09 0.01 100 Influence of the Heat Treatment Temperature of FGD Gypsum on Cement Properties The FGD gypsum that calcined at 40, 120, 140, 160, 180 and 240°C were mixed into the cements.

The surface of longitudinal sections of trabeculae was then polished using monocrystalline diamond suspensions with grain size decreasing from 15 µm to 1 µm.
Finalization of the indented surface was performed using suspension with grain size 0.25 µm to achieve lowest possible surface roughness < 50 nm.
The sample was rinsed and stored in distilled water to avoid contamination of the surface by diamond grains.
Then quasi-static nanoindentation was performed on different lamellae in total number of 14 indents for validation of the MM procedure.

Due to the coarse grains and serious mixed crystals of heavy cylinder after rolling, the tedious process of heat treatment must be done after rolling.
Studies have shown that improve the cooling of heavy cylinder after rolling can help the grain to become uniform and refinement [2].
Although the existing heat treatment process can make the grain refinement to a certain extent, the use of air cold after rolling and the performance heat treatment using copious cooling lead to a low cooling rate of the center part, and the mechanical properties cannot be further improved [3].
Heat transfer coefficient of copious cooling is relevant to (Reynolds number of the flowing water), (the surface temperature of the heavy cylinder) and (the water temperature).

That is, a significant reduction in ductility of the weld related to grain growth.
The heat provided during welding may cause: the transformation of austenite into ferrite fractions, such as: GBF (grain boundary ferrite) or site plate ferrite (SPF) and also the loss of ductility of the weld.
The method allows for fast, precise reduction of weld-faces temperature, a positive influence on its structure (grain refinement) and improves its mechanical properties (especially toughness).
The number of micro-steams and their diameters (measured in μm) are chosen depending upon the welding process, so as to enable highly accurate to regulate the temperature decrease.

During thermal annealing, some of the high density sulfur dopants and defects diffuse out of the crystalline grains to the grain boundaries [3], and the dopants and defects in the grain boundaries no longer contribute to impurity bands in the silicon.
However, the Raman spectrum of S+-implantation sample presents a wave packet at the wave number ranging from 489.3 cm-1 to 533.3 cm-1 and the peak value of the wave packet is about 507.7 cm-1, which indicates that the surface structure of S+-implantation sample is non crystalline structure.

Some fragmentized grains are also seen in deep craters.
It is probably formed by pulled out of single grain.
This is because that the number and the kinetic energy of particles participated in milling process increase at higher water pressure.
This may be attributed to that the hardness of abrasives is lower than that of ceramics used in experiment, thus the cleavage fractures are happened at the abrasive grain boundaries where the combined intensity is lower.

Table 1 BDD deposition parameters 　 Deposition I 　 Deposition II 　 Nucleation Growth I Growth II 　 Nucleation Growth I Growth II B/C atomic ratio [ppm] 3500 3500 0 　 3500 3500 0 Carbon/H2 flow [sccm] 70/200 70/200 70/200 　 70/200 70/200 70/200 Pressure [kPa] 1.6 3.3 3.3 　 1.6 3.3 3.3 Bias current [A] 0.02 0.02 0.02 　 0.02 0.02 0.02 Duration [h] 0.5 2 2 　 0.5 1 1 For the characterization, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) is adopted to characterize their surface morphology, microstructure and grain size.
The workpiece material is fine-grained EDM graphite of grade ISO-68 (Toyo Tanso Inc.).
The chemical quality of as-deposited diamond films is examined by Raman spectroscopy as shown in Fig.2, the spectra of the rake face and flank face on both MCD and BDD show sharp peaks at 1339 cm-1 which corresponded to the sp3 bonding of diamond and indicative of high phase-purity polycrystalline diamond, the slight shift from 1332 cm-1 in wave number is due to the residual compressive stress.
The SEM study shows highly crystallized diamond films, with the grain size of 1-3μm, is uniformly deposited on the substrate surface.

(a) orginal, (b)700℃, (c) 1100℃, (d) 1300℃ As can be seen from Figure 4, the corrosion pits in the simulated welding HAZ microstructure after polarization at the highest temperature of 700-1000°C were basically not round and had certain orientation, suggesting that the pits in a certain range are linearly connected in the later stage of development, and their orientation may be related to the direction of grain boundary or rolling.
However, the quenching microstructure had less obvious pitting phenomenon under the heating temperature above 1000℃, and only a small number of small corrosion pits could be seen under 2000× magnification.
Tailoring the Microstructure of Coarse-Grained HAZ in Steel for Large Heat Input Welding: Effect of Ti-Mg-Ce-V Inclusion/Precipitation Particles[J].
Segregation behavior at grain-boundary in HAZ of fully austenitic stainless steel: Development of numerical model to predict of HAZ cracking susceptibility on fully austenitic high alloy steel(Report 5)[J].