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The crystalline structure, grain size and lattice parameter of the films were determined from X-ray diffraction (XRD; monochromatized Cu Kα radiation) in both geometries: Bragg-Brentano and grazing incidence (Ω = 4°).
Considering that the segregated X atoms occupy the sites of M atoms on the crystallite surface, the X surface coverage is defined as the ratio between the number of segregated atoms on the crystallite surface and the number of the M surface sites of the crystallite.
The new grain boundary phase TiGey impedes the crystal growth and generates the film hardening [2], [4] and [5].
The nanocomposite films containing SiNy amorphous phase at the grain boundaries show higher hardness than the films containing amorphous metallic phase.

Some decrease of grain size was observed for nc-films but the prior decrease of standard deviation is fixed too.
It is anticipated that a high-enough ion flux results in an increased number of preferential nucleation sites alongside with enhanced surface atomic mobility leading consequently to the formation of a denser film structure with increased hardness [3-6, 8].
One may thus assume that the AEMF enhances the ion-to-atom ratio in the flux deposited on the substrate per unit time, which increases the number of crystallization centers and the total film growth rate.
These considerations require certainly accumulation of more detailed knowledge concerning the mechanism underlying structural changes in the deposited coatings (grain size rise, narrowing of the size distribution, predominant texture, roughness, nanocrystallization and so on).
Average sizes of grains L (nm) and the ranges of microhardness HV (GPa) of films sputtered from targets of different compositions without additional external magnetic field (AEMF) and with that (B=0.04 T) NN Target (wt%) Without AEMF With AEMF L H L H 1 2 3 4 5 TiB2 TiB2+25B4C TiB2+50B4C TiB2+75B4C B4C 3.6±1.8 8.5±4.0 Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous 32-39 36-42 44-50 42-48 36-44 3.3±1.1 2.9±0.3 Amorphous Amorphous Amorphous 38-42 46-50 52-57 50-56 42-50 Table 2.

Introduction TiO2 has number of attractive properties, which include chemical stability, nontoxic properties and many remarkable activities.
Table 1 The comparison table of N-doped TiO2 films deposited by different parameters serial number parameters absorption edge/nm band gap /ev 1# I 50A, O2 300sccm, N2 0sccm, Ar 20 sccm 380 3.26 2# I 50A, O2 100sccm, N2 200sccm, Ar 20 sccm 382 3.24 3# I 50A, O2 80 sccm, N2 220 sccm, Ar 20 sccm 430 2.88 4# I 50A, O2 60 sccm, N2 240 sccm, Ar 20 sccm 455 2.72 5# I 50A, O2 50 sccm, N2 250 sccm, Ar 20 sccm 510 2.43 Fig1.
Compared the diffraction peak fig.7 (a) with (b), the annealing made the intensity of anatase diffraction peak higher owing to amorphous phase crystallization and crystal grain growth up.
The growth of many crystal grains at certain crystal face oriented formed the crystal edge on the film surface, crystal grains grow up, this corresponded to the XRD pattern of 2# and 3# , the density of anatase and rutile diffraction peak became intensive after annealing, amorphous phase crystallized. 4.

Also shale gas with self generation and self storage is a kind of unconventional natural gas, which continuously gathers in the nanoscale pores of fine-grained sedimentary rocks [3,4,5].
The thickness percentage of fine grain size, like mudstone, siltstone and silty mudstone, reaches 32%.
Compared to the thick layer of fine-grained sediments from abyssal with low-energy environment, sediments from paralic phase have more advantages.First of all, content of endogenous debris is higher.
Table 1 The volatile data of different coal seams Coal seam coal seam 1 coal seam 2 coal seam 3 Mean Drilling Number ZK2 ZK4 ZK31 ZK5 ZK1 ZK3 7.69 Vdaf（%） 6.13 10.10 10.45 7.97 4.53 6.96 Reservoir characteristics. 1) The pores of the rock are major storage space of the oil and gas and the key parameters for evaluation of reservoir characteristics.
A large number of fractures are observed in the core and are filled with a certain amount of natural gas.

Introduction High pressure torsion (HPT) is a severe plastic deformation (SPD) technique to fabricate ultrafine grained (UFG) materials [1].
The equivalent plastic strain can be calculated by , where r, N and h are the distance from the center of the sample, the number of revolutions and the sample thickness, respectively.
Due to its incomparable straining capacity, HPT has attracted extensive interest of researchers during last decade for fabrication of ultrafine grain materials, including pure metals, alloys, intermetallics, metal matrix composites and amorphous alloys [3].
Hafok and Pippan [13] constructed a fully-constrained Taylor model for HPT which based on the assumption that all the grains were subjected to the same plastic strain.
The total numbers of elements and nodes were 23,600 and 26,895, respectively.

Introduction Yubojie coal mine which lies in northern Shaanxi province in China belongs to “protecting water mining" areas, its main aquifers include Quaternary unconsolidated rock, weathering basic rock aquifer group with pore phreatic water,Jurassic fine-grained sandstone pores and pressure aquifer group between crack layers.
The “Seven stars town sandstone” and “Zhen Wu Dong sandstone” which have stable distribution and good continuity underlying the loess belong to thick and huge layer of middle coarse-grained sandstone.
The main roof is the huge thick gray fine-medium-grained feldspathic sandstone, that is, “Zhen Wu Dong sandstone”, which has stable distribution and good continuity.
Advancing face 96m, number of pillars which appeared plastic zones at the corner increased.
This method could increase the length and face advancing distance, reducing the number of moving face.

As shown in Fig.2c, the progress of the film failure includes delamination in the film, propagation in the film, buckling of the film on the crack, initiation and propagation of penetration crack, spalling of the film on the crack with delamination moving to the Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 617 interface.
While short pulse far-ultraviolet radiation laser loaded on the film surface of sample, the film material is stripped layer by layer in cold manner with a process of ablative photodecomposition (APD), namely with a process consisting of photodissociation, valence change, formation of crystalline grain defect, and plasma etching.
There are mutations in the density and grain size of sprayed film material when short pulse far-ultraviolet laser denudes the interface of film and substrate.
The parameters such as surface wave signal, stress signal, density and grain size of sprayed film material and other physical characteristics of film and substrate are detected by signal detection and diagnosis system, and are sent to the signal analysis and treatment system, which are used to distinguish the critical state of film-substrate separating.
Conclusions A new method of laser scratch testing technique that synthesizes the advantages of traditional scratching technique and laser measure technique is introduced to characterize interfacial adhesion between thin film and substrate, with the advantages of non-contact measurement, simplification of Journal Title and Volume Number (to be inserted by the publisher) 619 the factors influencing of the result measured, little influence of substrate and so on.

Recently, a number of Al65CuxTm35-x or Al50TmxSi50-x alloys have been developed without rare earth addition by mechanical alloying which possess an amorphous, or nano-intermetallic dispersed amorphous, microstructures [11-14].
Sintering at high temperature and pressure proves counter productive due to the tendency for crystallization of the amorphous matrix or grain growth of the nanostructured aggregate [17].
It should be noted that the presence of nano-ceramic particles in a micro/nanocrystalline aggregate is likely to induce dispersion strengthening, to prevent grain coarsening and to enhance the creep strength at elevated temperatures.
The large area fraction of grain boundaries and triple points reduces the density.
The process of fracture initiation and propagation was monitored by the detection of the cumulative number of acoustic emission events recorded from the unit volume of the material during compressive loading.

The next precipitation Θ' nucleates at defects of α solid solution, Θ'' dissolves in α and Cu atoms diffuse to growing Θ'.Finally equilibrium phase CuAl2- Θ' nucleates at the grain boundaries of the α solid solution.
A certain number of vacancies and dislocations can be produced by dissolution of precipitates and that can be a reason for the decrease of the activation energy during precipitation processes following up dissolution processes.
Those sites are: quenched in dislocations in the case of G-P zones, stable G-P zones which transform into Θ'', for Θ' dislocations inside the solid solution α , for CuAl2 grain boundaries of solid solution α.
Nucleation of CuAl2 at solid solution grain boundaries may indicate a lack of dislocation in the solid solution which could be suitable for nucleation, or a very small number of dislocations.

A number of previous efforts have been undertaken to establish the relationship between process parameters and the microstructure of deposits and it was found that the effects of each parameter could not be isolated because they are not independent [1, 2].
It can be seen they all consist of columnar grains, and the number of columnar grains increase with increase of the scan speed as defined the temperature gradient along Z direction during fabrication.
Fig. 7 Optical photographs showing that the size of the columnar grains of DLFed build decreases with increasing laser scanning speeds.