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Therefore, the skidding wheel distance and time are major factors of tyre wear and smoke [4].
In the Archard wear theory, the volume of tyre tread rubber eroded is defined as: V=KeFRHSD (15) where, V is the total volume of wear amount (m3), Ke is the wear dimensionless coefficient “Archard’s abrasion factor”, which depends on the wear conditions, heavy or moderate, and is affected by the material’s properties and its ability to wear.
Table 2 shows the tyre tread rubber properties [33].
All the simulations show the wheel spin-up overshooting, because the same friction force is affecting the wheel.
Daugherty, “A study of the mechanical properties of modern radial aircraft tires”, NASA TM-212415, 2003

Investigations of Transient Machined Workpiece Surface Temperature in High Speed Peripheral Milling Using Inverse Method Zhanqiang Liu1, a, Fan Zhang1, b and Fulin Jiang1, c 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China amelius@sdu.edu.cn, bzhangfansdu@163.com, cjflok@163.com Keywords: Workpiece temperature, Moving heat source, Inverse method, Peripheral milling Abstract: In high speed machining, temperature distribution in workpiece is the main factor which directly affects the surface integrity and dimensional accuracy of machined workpiece.
Introduction In manufacturing industry, there are still more than 90% of the mechanical parts which are made by machining [1].
Material of workpiece is 1045 steel and its properties are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Thermal physical property parameters of 1045 steel k [W/(m·℃)] a (m2/s) ρ (kg/m3) c [J/(kg℃·)] 49.8 1.31×10-5 7850 486 This paper takes a single factor experiment.
Li: Metal Cutting Theory (Mechanical Industry Press, Beijing, 1985) [3] J.

But, laser generated Lamb waves had wide frequency bandwidth, low directivity, and low sensitivity, so that there has been great efforts to improve these properties.
Table 1 summarizes the design parameters and performance factors.
Slit design parameters and performance factors Fig. 4 shows the simulation results for focusing strength when the slit parameter is individually changed, where other slit parameters are fixed to the standard value shown in Table 1.
Simulations for other performance factors also have been carried out, however the results are not shown in this paper due to the limit of space.
Takemoto, "Non-contact estimation of thickness and elastic properties of matallinc foils by the wavelet transform of laser-generated lamb waves" NDT&E International, Vol. 32 (1999), p 21-27

Freeze-thaw cycles can affect the chloride diffusivity of concrete to a certain extend.
Therefore, if only one single factor [1-2] is taken into account, it is fulled with limitations to establish the empirical formula.
In present, it can be found from the related research[3-4] on influences of concrete properties caused by the interaction effect damage, such as freeze-thaw cycles with sea water corrode and freeze-thaw cycles with chemical corrosion.
In this paper, the change law of concrete properties under interaction effect by freeze-thaw cycles and chlorion penetration are further determined through experimental study.
(in Chinese) [4] Manli Yu,Shouwei Jian and Song Mu: Influence of Thaw-freeze Cycle and Seawater Immersion Dual Factors to Concrete Performance[J].Water transport in China, 2007 (5) : pp.58to59.

In particular the distributed reinforcement, consisting of silicon carbide (SiC) or aluminum oxide (Al2O3), evokes especially high mechanical loads.
In case of ‘smeared modeling’ the composite is described as homogeneous material with averaged mechanical and thermal properties.
Results and Discussion In general during cutting large stresses and high temperatures occur, which cause interesting effects when machining MMC-materials because of different thermo-physical properties of the participating material ingredients.
Thereby, a precise prognosis of the stresses, deformations, temperatures and the resulting forces to the tools affecting the process areas can be executed, so the influence of different process parameters and geometric values on the resulting specific forces has been examined and discussed.
O´Reilly: Factors affecting the machinability of an Al/SiC metal-matrix composite, in: Journal of Materials Processing Technology, Vol. 43 (1994), pp. 21-36 [2] P.

Study on the Property Dynamic Filtration Performance of Anthranilic Acid Copper in Environment Engineering Wang Xiaojing, Wang Fan, Jin Ji Tianjin University school of chemical engineering and technology,Tianjin 300072 Keywords: Anthranilic acid copper; Solid-liquid separation; Rotary filter press; Filtrate rate; Abstract.
The shaft was mechanical seal(Structure of filter chamber as shown in figure 1).
Fig.6 Recovery effect of the filtration fabric in situ cleaningFig Fig7 Recovery effect of the filtration fabric by disassembling the machine Conclusions In this paper, the industrial fabric is used as filter media of rotary vane dynamic filter press and we explore their dynamic filtering properties withregardto increase in the concentration process for saccharin production process anthranilic acid copper solution of the Filter.
Analysis of factors affecting the filtration rate can be summarized to the following conclusions: (1) By looking at the impactofdifferentoperating conditions on thedynamicfiltration rate, anthranilic acid copper solutionin this experimental systemcan be suitable in dynamic filtration processoperating conditions: Rotary vane rotation rate n is selected for 1000~1200r/min.

Ultrasonic lapping is the processing method compounded of mechanical lapping and ultrasonic vibration.
The properties of test materials are listed in Table 2.
Test Results and Analysis During the lapping, lapping parameters can change the trajectory of abrasive and can affect the brittle-plastic removal mechanism of material, which change the value of material removal rate.
A study of the material removal properties in ultrasonic lapping of ZTA ceramics with fixed abrasives by using an online acoustic emission monitoring system [J].
Study on the Theoretic Model of Ultrasonic Polishing[J].China Mechanical Engineering, 2005,16(8):664-666

The basic principle of induction heating, which is an applied form of Faraday’s discovery, is the fact that alternating current (AC) flowing through a coil affects the magnetic movement of a conductor located near the coil and alternating magnetic field leads to generating current on the surface of the conductor.
In accordance with Lenz law, we can know that magnetic field caused by induced current, in return ,will affect the variation of the current flowing through the coil .In fact, the current is not changeable, so the way of loading should be taken into consideration.
Electromagnetic induction is the leading factor and determines the course of heat conduction to some extent. 87% quantity of heat is generated in vortex layer, so it is necessary to analyze the magnetic field.
So it is necessary to do research on the parameters which affect the deflection of the clamping bore.
Clain, Numerical modeling in induction heating for axisymmetric geometries, IEEE Transactions on magnetics,vol,33(1) （1997）:739-745 [7] “Mechanical engineering material data sheetse” ditorial board, Mechanical engineering material data sheets, BEI Jing: Machinery industry press, 1995

Introduction In mechanical engineering filter elements of various designs are used, which can be divided into the following main types: oil, air, fuel, cabin, diesel and hydraulic.
A number of factors affecting the aircraft reliability level must be provided to prevent abnormal and emergency situations during the liquid rocket engine operation, associated with the occurrence of high-temperature bundles, fires due to the foreign particles ingress into the fuel components composition.
The thickness of the sheet determines not only the mechanical strength, but also the filter resistance to vibration loads.
In the manufacture of a filter element designed for fine cleaning of fuel, to obtain a large number of small dimensions channels in one step is an urgent problem in mechanical engineering.
During laser processing, the material is removed as a mixture of molten and vaporized particles, the ratio of which depends on the material properties and the laser radiation intensity.

The concrete composite material with basalt fiber as enhancing system in it has a lot of advantages ,including excellent mechanical properties , high temperature resistant, resistant to acid and alkali, low cost, environmental protection materials and resistance production process.
Damage of northern environment of freezing and thawing on the properties of the composite material has become a new hot issue.
We can use CBF as reinforcement to make all kinds of excellent properties.
But current research on the properties of basalt fiber concrete frost resistance is relatively limited.
Thus, concrete reinforced by basalt fiber can effectively improve the frost resistance itself, and it has the best antifreeze performance with 0.3% basalt fiber. 4.2 Experiment Result Analysis The main factors influencing the concrete freeze-thaw performance has two aspects.